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Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) Breeding

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Advances in Plant Breeding Strategies: Industrial and Food Crops

Abstract

As an oilseed source, safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) also contains natural dyes known for their pharmaceutical properties in the treatment of chronic disorders. The production of this herbaceous plant originated in China from which it was dispersed to the Mediterranean countries. The plant is recognized for its use in herbal medicine, birdseed, animal feed, protein-containing ingredients and cooking oil (full of linoleic and oleic fatty acids). Of the linoleic-acid content of safflower, nearly 75%, is vital for a healthy human diet. Due to its adaptability to simultaneously yield oleic and linoleic oils, it is among the substitutes for the common agricultural products raised in marginal farming lands all over the world. No consensus so far has been reached in studies done on safflower. However, it seems necessary to exploit the potentiality of this underutilized plant. The detection and development of novel safflower ideotypes will enhance the suitability of this plant to various prevailing conditions, thereby enabling it to be incorporated into different intercropping practices. Classic genetic studies have an important role in making an educated guess concerning the action of genes and heritability of various agronomic and pheno-morphologic characteristics. Recently, biotechnological developments have contributed to safflower breeding. These practices, however, have not been well supported molecularly. The present chapter articulates different aspects of safflower breeding including conventional breeding methodologies, agronomic performance and biotechnological tools for improving safflower cultivation.

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Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Research Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, Iran

    Pooran Golkar

  2. Pajoohan Spadan Research Company, Isfahan Science and Technology Town, Isfahan, Iran

    Somayeh Karimi

Authors
  1. Pooran Golkar
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  2. Somayeh Karimi
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Pooran Golkar .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, King Faisal University, Al-Hassa, Saudi Arabia

    Jameel M. Al-Khayri

  2. University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland

    Shri Mohan Jain

  3. Cincinnati, OH, USA

    Dennis V. Johnson

Appendices

Appendices

1.1 Appendix I: Research Institutes Relevant to Safflower

Institution

Specialization research activities

Contact information and website

Directorate of Oilseeds Research (DOR)

It is now known as Indian Institute of Oilseeds Research (IIOR), coordinate and monitor the research programs of oilseed crops from all over the India.

Rajendra Nagar, Hyderabad, India

http://www.icar-iior.org.in

FAO

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations is a specialized agency of the United Nations that leads international efforts to defeat hunger.

Rome, Italy

http://www.fao.org

National Crop Gene Bank, Institute of Crop Germplasm Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences

It is the long-term preservation center of crop germplasm resources and the research center of germplasm preservation technologies in China.

Beijing, China

http://ics.caas.cn

USDA

United States Department of Agriculture is the U.S. federal executive department responsible for developing and executing federal laws related to farming, agriculture, forestry and food.

Washington, D.C., United States

https://www.usda.gov/

Western Regional Plant Introduction Station (WRPIS)

It has the responsibility of maintaining seed and clonal germplasm of over 2600 plant species from 376 genera.

Pullman, Washington, United States

http://grbio.org/institutional-collection/western-regional-plant-introduction-station-collection

1.2 Appendix II: Genetic Resources of Safflower

Cultivar

Important traits

Cultivation location

A1

Suitable under scanty and assured moisture regions

India

A-300

Moderately salt tolerance

India

AC Stirling

Early maturity and Sclerotinia head rot resistant

Canada

AC Sunset

Early maturity and Sclerotinia head rot resistant

Canada

AC1

early maturing, high linoleic content, wilt resistant

United States

AKS-207

High yield and high oil content

India

Alameda

High oleic acid

Spain

APRR-3

Resistant to rust

India

Bhima

High yield, moderately tolerant to aphids

India

Centennial

Resistance to Alternaria leaf spot and Pseudomonas bacterial blight

United States

CO-1

Non-spiny

India

DSH-129

High yield, resistant to wilt, moderately tolerant to Alternaria and aphids

India

Girard

High oil, high oleic acid, Alternaria resistance

United States

Girna

Moderately resistant to wilt

India

Hartman

Resistance to leaf blight, high oleic content

United States

HUS-305

Moderately tolerant to wilt

India

JSF-1

Resistant to pest infestation

India

JSI-7

High yielding spineless variety

India

K-1

Moderately high yield

India

Leed

The first high oleic variety

United States

Manjira

High oil content

India

Merced

High linoleic acid

Spain

MKH-11

High yield, moderately tolerant to wilt, Alternaria and aphids

India

N-62-8

High yield

India

N-630

High yield

India

Nagpur-7

Salt tolerance

India

NARI-38

Spiny variety, tolerant to wilt

India

NARI-57

High oil, high yield, highly resistant to wilt

India

NARI-6

A non-spiny hybrid, moderately resistant to wilt

India

NARI-H-15

Moderately tolerant to aphids

India

NARI-NH-1

Non-spiny hybrid, moderately tolerant to Alternaria and aphids

India

Nebraska-10 (N-10)

Early maturity, high yield

United States

Nebraska-5

High yield

United States

Oker

High oil, high oleic acid, Alternaria resistance

United States

Pacific 7

Lower crude fiber, higher protein content

United States

PBNS-12

Moderately tolerant to aphids

India

Phule Kusuma

High yield

India

Rancho

High linoleic acid

Spain

Rinconda

High oleic acid

Spain

S-144

Tolerant to aphids

India

Saffire

Early maturity, high yield, rot resistance

Canada

Sharda

Moderately tolerant to aphids and wilt

India

Th5

High oil yield, early maturity

Canada

Tomejil

High linoleic acid

Spain

Type-65

Non-spiny

India

UC-148

Male sterile safflower line

United States

UC-149

Male sterile safflower line

United States

US 104

High yield and high oil content

United States

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Golkar, P., Karimi, S. (2019). Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) Breeding. In: Al-Khayri, J., Jain, S., Johnson, D. (eds) Advances in Plant Breeding Strategies: Industrial and Food Crops. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-23265-8_14

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