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Global Catholicism, Tolerance and the Open Society pp 99–132Cite as

Global Catholicism, Civil Society, Democracy, and Mass Migration

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Abstract

Our data are from two sets of reliable and regularly repeated global opinion surveys: the World Values Survey (WVS) and the European Social Survey (ESS). Our statistical calculations were performed by the routine and standard IBM-SPSS statistical program (IBM-SPSS XXIV) and relied on the so-called oblique rotation of the factors, underlying the correlation matrix. In each comparison, we evaluated the democratic civil society commitment of the overall population and of the practicing Roman Catholics, i.e., those Catholics who attend Sunday Mass regularly.

Our results rather caution us against the view that the Catholic global rank and file will follow the Church’s substantially weakened leadership in endorsing a liberal asylum and migration policy. The overwhelming strength of still existing Catholic activism is to be found in the global South, while the developed countries are strongly affected by secularization.

Based on European Social Survey-based criteria that include pro-immigration attitudes, Euro-multiculturalism, the rejection of racism, personal multicultural experience, and the rejection of right-wing culturalism, it is fair to suggest that in not a single European country practicing Catholics were more liberal in their attitudes toward immigration than overall society.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    On the words used by Joseph Stalin, see Tausch (2011).

  2. 2.

    http://www.nationmaster.com/; http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/; http://www.pewforum.org/2013/02/13/the-global-catholic-population/; http://www.bbc.com/news/world-21443313 (Download April 10, 2019).

  3. 3.

    http://www.haaretz.com/world-news/europe/1.745507 (Download April 10, 2019).

  4. 4.

    The body of official declarations, like papal ex cathedra pronouncements and papal encyclicals but also episcopal letters by bishops , etc.

  5. 5.

    http://www.worldvaluessurvey.org/wvs.jsp and http://www.europeansocialsurvey.org/ (Download April 10, 2019).

  6. 6.

    For most recent time series data about inequality , see University of Texas Inequality Project, available at https://utip.lbj.utexas.edu/data.html (Download April 10, 2019).

  7. 7.

    http://ur.umich.edu/0405/Apr11_05/11.shtml (Download April 10, 2019).

  8. 8.

    http://ec.europa.eu/echo/refugee-crisis_en; https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/sep/07/angela-merkel-defends-german-immigration-policy-elections-afd; http://www.ibtimes.com/germany-wants-christian-migrants-not-muslims-angela-merkels-party-wants-refugees-2413054; https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/aug/17/refugees-did-not-bring-terrorism-to-germany-says-angela-merkel (Download April 10, 2019).

  9. 9.

    http://www.pewforum.org/2013/02/13/the-global-catholic-population/

  10. 10.

    https://thinkprogress.org/in-powerful-speech-pope-francis-condemns-eu-leaders-efforts-to-shut-out-refugees-c990c573a25e#.wvhfpdato (Download April 10, 2019).

  11. 11.

    https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/sep/03/migration-crisis-hungary-pm-victor-orban-europe-response-madness (Download April 10, 2019).

  12. 12.

    https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/sep/03/migration-crisis-hungary-pm-victor-orban-europe-response-madness (Download April 10, 2019).

  13. 13.

    https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2016/feb/18/donald-trump-pope-francis-christian-wall-mexico-border and http://time.com/4436759/pope-francis-trump-radical-islam/ (Download April 10, 2019).

  14. 14.

    https://www-01.ibm.com/software/at/analytics/spss/ (Download April 10, 2019).

  15. 15.

    Older approaches often assumed that there is no correlation between the factors, best representing the underlying dimensions of the variables. But, for example, in attempting to understand the recent pro-Brexit vote in the United Kingdom , it would be ridiculous to assume that, say, there is no correlation between anti-immigration attitudes and anti-European Union attitudes.

  16. 16.

    http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/country/sc1.html (Download April 10, 2019).

  17. 17.

    https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2016/11/09/how-the-faithful-voted-a-preliminary-2016-analysis/ (Download April 10, 2019).

  18. 18.

    http://www.usccb.org/beliefs-and-teachings/ecumenical-and-interreligious/index.cfm (Download April 10, 2019).

  19. 19.

    http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/06/sisi-calls-religious-reforms-extremists-160629181523576.html and http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2015/01/22/sisi-muslims-adapt_n_6508808.html (Download April 10, 2019).

  20. 20.

    http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2015/01/22/sisi-muslims-adapt_n_6508808.html (Download April 10, 2019).

  21. 21.

    https://canadiandimension.com/articles/view/pope-francis-capitalism-is-terrorism-against-all-of-humanity (Download April 10, 2019).

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  1. University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Tyrol, Austria

    Arno Tausch

  2. American Studies Center, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland

    Stanislaw Obirek

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Tausch, A., Obirek, S. (2020). Global Catholicism, Civil Society, Democracy, and Mass Migration. In: Global Catholicism, Tolerance and the Open Society. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-23239-9_4

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