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Traditional Chinese Medicine for Assisted Reproductive Technology

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Diminished Ovarian Reserve and Assisted Reproductive Technologies

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Abstract

Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) is composed of many different approaches. In this chapter, we summarize the applications of TCM in infertility and assisted reproductive technology (ART) treatments while providing rationale of each strategy. We will also mention about some Chinese herbal substances and physical approaches like acupuncture and moxibustion and many others. Still more research is needed to study TCM approaches in fertility and ART treatment.

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Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Reproductive Medicine Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sixth Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China

    Wei Shang

Authors
  1. Wei Shang
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Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA

    Orhan Bukulmez

Supplement

Supplement

1.1 The Name of Chinese Herbal Medicine in Chinese and English

  • Earthworm 地龙

  • East Asian Tree Fern Rhizome 狗脊

  • Elecampane Inula Root 土木香

  • English Walnut Seed 胡桃仁

  • Ephedra Herb 麻黄

  • Epimedium Herb 淫羊藿

  • Erect St. John’swort Herb 小连翘

  • Eucommia Bark 杜仲

  • European Verbena 马鞭草

  • False Chinese Swertia Herb 当药

  • Falsehellebore Root and Rhizome 藜芦

  • Fennel Fruit 小茴香

  • Fermented Soybean 淡豆豉

  • Figwort Root 玄参

  • FigwortflowerPicrorhizaRhizome 胡黄连

  • Fineleaf Schizonepeta Herb 荆芥

  • Finger Citron 佛手

  • Fiveleaf Gynostemma Herb 绞股蓝

  • Flos Caryophyllata 丁香

  • Fortune Eupatorium Herb 佩兰

  • Fortune’s Drynaria Rhizome 骨碎补

  • Fourstamen Stephania Root 粉防己/汉防己

  • Fragrant Solomonseal Rhizome 玉竹

  • Frankincense 乳香

  • Freshwater Sponge 紫梢花

  • Akebia Stem 木通

  • Aloes 芦荟

  • American Ginseng 西洋参

  • Amur Ampelopsis Stem 山葡萄

  • Amur Barberry Root 大叶小檗

  • Amur Corktree Bark 黄柏

  • Anemone Clematis Stem / Armand Clematis Stem 川木通

  • Antelope Horn 羚羊角

  • Arabian Jasmine Flower 茉莉花

  • Argy Wormwood Leaf 艾叶

  • Ash Bark 秦皮

  • Asiatic Moonseed Rhizome 北豆根

  • Asiatic Pennywort Herb 积雪草

  • Baical Skullcap Root 黄芩

  • Barbary Wolfberry Fruit 枸杞子

  • Barbed Skullcap Herb 半枝莲

  • Bear Gall 熊胆

  • Beautiful Sweetgum Fruit 路路通

  • Belladonna Herb 颠茄草

  • Belvedere Fruit 地肤子

  • Benzoin 安息香

  • Bezoar 牛黄

  • Biond Magnolia Flower 辛夷

  • Bitter Apricot Seed 苦杏仁

  • Bitter Orange 枳壳

  • Black Nightshade Herb 龙葵

  • Black Sesame 黑芝麻

  • Blackend Swallowwort Root 白薇

  • Blister Beetle 斑蝥

  • Boat-fruited Scaphium Seed 胖大海

  • Borax 硼砂

  • Borneol 冰片

  • Bottle Brush Herb 问荆

  • Bottle Gourd Peel 葫芦

  • Buffalo Horn 水牛角

  • Bunge Auriculate Root 白首乌

  • Cablin Potchouli Herb 广藿香

  • Calamine 炉甘石

  • Camphor 樟脑

  • Camphorwood 香樟木

  • Canton Ampelopsis Root 无刺根

  • Cape Jasmine Fruit 栀子

  • Carbonized Human Hair 血余炭

  • Cassia Bark 肉桂

  • Cassia Seed 决明子

  • Cassia Twig 桂枝

  • Castor Bean 蓖麻子

  • Cattail Pollen 蒲黄

  • Centipede 蜈蚣

  • Chicken’s Gizzard-membrane 鸡内金

  • Chinaroot Greenbier Rhizome 菝契

  • Chinese Angelica 当归

  • Chinese Arborvitae Twig 侧柏叶

  • Chinese Caterpillar Fungus 冬虫夏草

  • Chinese Cricket 蟋蟀

  • Chinese Date 大枣

  • Chinese Dwarf Cherry Seed / 郁李仁

  • Chinese Eaglewood 沉香

  • Chinese Forgetmenot Root 接骨草

  • Chinese Gall 五倍子

  • Chinese Gentian 龙胆

  • Chinese Globeflower Flower 金莲花

  • Chinese Hibisci Rosae-Sinensis Flower 扶桑花

  • Chinese Holly Leaf 枸骨叶

  • Chinese Honeylocust Fruit 皂角

  • Chinese Honeylocust Spine 皂角刺

  • Chinese Ivy Stem 常春藤

  • Chinese Knotweed Herb 火炭母

  • Chinese Ladiestresses Root or Herb 盘龙参

  • Chinese Ligusticum Rhizome / Jehol Ligusticum Rhizome 藁本

  • Chinese Magnoliavine Fruit 五味子

  • Chinese Mosla Herb 香薷

  • Chinese Pulsatilla Root 白头翁

  • Chinese Rose Flower 月季花

  • Chinese Silkvine Root-bark 香加皮

  • Chinese Siphonostegia Herb 铃茵陈

  • Chinese Taxillus Twig 桑寄生

  • Chinese Thorowax Root / 柴胡

  • Chinese Trumpetcreeper Flower Common TrumpetcreeperFlower 凌霄花

  • Chinese Waxgourd Peel 冬瓜皮

  • Chinese Waxgourd Semen 冬瓜子

  • Chinese Waxmyrtle Bark 杨梅

  • Chinese Wolfberry Root-bark 地骨皮

  • Cholla Stem 仙人掌

  • Chrysanthemum 菊花

  • Cicada Slough 蝉蜕

  • Ciliatenerve Knotweed Root 朱砂莲

  • Cinnabar 朱砂

  • Clam Shell 蛤壳

  • Clematis Root 威灵仙

  • Coastal Glehnia Root 北沙参

  • Cochinchina Momordica Seed 木鳖子

  • Cochinchnese Asparagus Root 天门冬

  • Cockscomb Flower 鸡冠花

  • Coix Seed 薏苡仁

  • Coloed Mistletoe Herb 槲寄生

  • Colophony 松香

  • Combined Spicebush Root 乌药

  • Common Andrographis Herb 穿心莲

  • Common Anemarrhena Rhizome 知母

  • Common Bletilla Pseudobulb 白及

  • Common Burreed Rhizome 三棱

  • Common Cephalanoplos Herb 小蓟

  • Common Cnidium Fruit 蛇床子

  • Common Coltsfoot Flower 款冬花

  • Common Curculigo Rhizome 仙茅

  • Common Dysosmatis Rhizome and Root / Sixangular Dysosmatis Rhizome and Root 八角莲

  • Common Fenugreek Seed 葫芦巴

  • Common Fibraurea Stem 黄藤

  • Common Floweringquince Fruit 木瓜

  • Common Four-o’clock Root 紫茉莉根

  • Common Foxglove Leaf 洋地黄叶

  • Common Lophatherum Herb 淡竹叶

  • Common Macrocarpium Fruit 山茱萸

  • Common Monkshood Mother Root 川乌

  • Common Nandina 天竺子

  • Common Scouring Rush Herb 木贼

  • Common Selfheal Fruit-Spike 夏枯草

  • Common Threewingnut Root 雷公藤

  • Common Vladimiria Root 川木香

  • Common wedgelet Fern Leaf 乌韭

  • Common Yam Rhizome / Wingde Yan Rhizome 山药

  • Copperleaf Herb 铁苋菜

  • Coral Ardisia Root 朱砂根

  • Coralhead Plant Seed 相思子

  • Coriander Fruit 芫荽子

  • Costustoot 木香

  • Cowherb Seed 王不留行

  • Croton Seed 巴豆

  • Cushaw Seed 南瓜子

  • Cuttlebone 海螵蛸

  • Dahurian Angelica Root/Taiwan Angelica Root 白芷

  • Dahurian Rhododendron Leaf 满山红

  • Danshen Root 丹参

  • Dark Plum fruit 乌梅

  • Decumbent Bugle Herb 筋骨草

  • Dendrobium 石斛

  • Densefruit Pittany Root-bark 白鲜皮

  • Desertliving Cistanche 肉苁蓉

  • Devil’s Rush Herb 龙须草

  • Digitalis Lanata Leaf 毛花洋地黄叶

  • Divaricate Saposhnikovia Root 防风

  • Dock Root 土大黄

  • Doederlein’s Spikemoss Herb 石上柏

  • Donkey-hide Glue 阿胶

  • DoubleteethPubescentAngilicaRoot/Pubescent Angelica Root 独活

  • Dragon’s Blood 血竭

  • Dragon’s Tongue Leaf 龙利叶

  • Drgon’s Bones , Fossilizid 龙骨

  • Dried Ginger 干姜

  • Dried Lacquer 干漆

  • Dried Longan Pulp 龙眼肉

  • Drug Sweetflag Rhizome 菖蒲

  • Dutchmanspipe Fruit 马兜铃

  • Epimedium Herb 淫羊藿

  • Erect St. John’swort Herb 小连翘

  • Eucommia Bark 杜仲

  • Falsehellebore Root and Rhizome 藜芦

  • Fennel Fruit 小茴香

  • Fermented Soybean 淡豆豉

  • Figwort Root 玄参

  • FigwortflowerPicrorhizaRhizome 胡黄连

  • Fineleaf Schizonepeta Herb 荆芥

  • Finger Citron 佛手

  • Fistular Onion Stalk 葱白

  • Fiveleaf Gynostemma Herb 绞股蓝

  • Flastem Milkvetch Seed 沙苑子

  • Flos Caryophyllata 丁香

  • Fluorite 紫石英

  • Forest Frog’s Oviduct 蛤蟆油

  • Fortune Eupatorium Herb 佩兰

  • Fortune Meadowrue Herb 白蓬草

  • Fortune’s Drynaria Rhizome 骨碎补

  • Fragrant Solomonseal Rhizome 玉竹

  • Frankincense 乳香

  • Freshwater Sponge 紫梢花

  • Galanga Galangal Seed 红豆蔻

  • Gambir Plant 钩藤

  • Garden Balsam Stem 透骨草

  • Garden Burnet Root 地榆

  • Garlic 大蒜

  • Garter Snake 乌梢蛇

  • Gecko 壁虎

  • Giant St. John’swort Herb 红旱莲

  • Giant Typhonium Rhizome 白附子

  • Ginkgo Leaf 银杏叶

  • Ginkgo Seed 白果

  • Glabrous Greenbrier Rhizome 土茯苓

  • Glossy Privet Fruit 女贞子

  • Golden Larch Bark 土荆皮

  • Golden Thread 黄连

  • Gordon Euryale Seed 芡实

  • Graceful Jessamine Herb 断肠草

  • Grand Torreya Seed 榧子

  • Grassleaf Sweelflag Rhizome 石菖蒲

  • Great Burdock Achene 牛蒡子

  • Great Willowherb Herb 柳兰

  • Grosvener Siraitia 罗汉果

  • Ground Beeltle 土鳖虫

  • Guava Leaf 番石榴叶

  • Gynura Root 红背三七

  • Gypsum 石膏

  • Gypsum 玄精石

  • Hairy Antler 鹿茸

  • Hairyvein Agrimonia Herb and Bud 仙鹤草

  • Hawksbill Carapace 玳瑁

  • Hawthorn Fruit 山楂

  • Heartleaf Houttuynia Herb 鱼腥草

  • Hedge Prinsepia Nut 蕤仁

  • Hematite 赭石

  • Hemp Fruit 火麻仁

  • Hempleaf Negundo Chastetree Leaf 牡荆叶

  • Henbane Leaf 莨菪叶

  • Heterophylly Falsestarwort Root 太子参

  • Himalayan Teasel Root 续断

  • Hiraute Shiny Bugleweed Herb 泽兰

  • Honey 蜂蜜

  • Honeycomb 蜂房

  • Honeysuckle Flower 金银花

  • Horseweed Herb 小飞蓬

  • Hot Pepper 辣椒

  • Human Placenta 紫河车

  • Hupeh Fritillary Bulb 湖北贝母

  • Immature Bitter Orange 枳实

  • Incised Notopterygium Rhizome /Forbes Notopterygium Rhizome 羌活

  • India Canna Rhizome 美人蕉根

  • India Madder Root 茜草

  • India Mustard Seed 芥子

  • Indian Buead 茯苓

  • Indian Epimeredi Herb 防风草

  • Indian Kalimeris Herb 马兰

  • Indigowoad Leaf 大青叶

  • Indigowoad Root 板蓝根

  • Inula Flower 旋覆花

  • Japanese Ampelopsis Root 白蔹

  • Japanese Buttercup Herb 毛茛

  • Japanese Climbing Fern Spore 海金沙

  • Japanese Honeysuckle Stem 忍冬藤

  • Japanese Hop Herb 路草

  • Japanese Snailseed Root 木防己

  • Japanese Thistle Herb or Root 大蓟

  • Japanese Wormwood Herb 牡蒿

  • Kadsura Root-bark 紫荆皮

  • Katsumade Galangal Seed 草豆蔻

  • Kelp 昆布

  • Knoxia Root 红大戟

  • Kudzuvine Root 葛根

  • Kusnezoff Monkshood Root 草乌

  • Ladybell Root 南沙参

  • Lalang Grass Rhizome 白茅根

  • Lancelesf Lily Bulb / Greenish Lily Bulb / Low Lily Bulb 百合

  • Largehead AtractylodesRhizome 白术

  • Largetrifoliolious Bugbane Rhizome 升麻

  • Leech 水蛭

  • Lemonfragrant Angelica Root 香白芷

  • Lemongrass Herb 香茅

  • Lepidogrammitis Herb 鱼鳖草

  • Lesser Galangal Rhizome 高良姜

  • Levant Cotton Root 棉花根

  • Lightyellow Sophora Root 苦参

  • Lilac Daphne Flower Bud 芫花

  • Lilyofthevalley Herb 铃兰

  • Liquoric Root 甘草

  • Little Multibanded Krait 金钱白花蛇

  • Longhairy Antenoron Herb 金钱草

  • Longstamen Onion Bulb 薤白

  • Loquat Leaf 枇杷叶

  • Lotus Leaf 荷叶

  • Lotus Plumule 莲子心

  • Lotus Rhizome Node 藕节

  • Lotus Seed Pot 莲房

  • Lotus Stamen 莲须

  • Lovely Hemsleya Root 雪胆

  • Lowdaphne Stringbush Flower and Leaf 黄芫花

  • Lucid Ganoderma 灵芝

  • Magnetite 磁石

  • Malaytea Scurfpea Fruit 补骨脂

  • Malt 麦芽

  • Manchurian Wildginger 细辛

  • Manshurian Dutchmanspipe Stem 关木通

  • Mantis Egg-case 桑螵蛸

  • Manyflower Gueldenstaedtid Herb 甜地丁

  • ManyflowerSolomonsealRhizome / Siberian Solomonseal Rhizome / King Solomonseal Rhizome 黄精

  • Manyprickle Acanto-Panax Root 刺五加

  • Medcinal Evodia Fruit 吴茱萸

  • Medicated Leaven 六神曲

  • Medicinal Changium Root 明党参

  • Medicinal Cyathula Root 川牛膝

  • Medicinal Indianmulberry Root 巴戟天

  • Medicine Terminalia Fruit 诃子

  • Membranous Milkvetch Root / 黄芪

  • Mexican Tea Herb 土荆芥

  • Mirabilite 芒硝

  • Moellendorf’s Spidemoss Herb 地柏枝

  • Mongolian Dandelion Herb 蒲公英

  • Mongolian Snakegourd Root 天花粉

  • Motherwort Herb 益母草

  • Mountain Dragon 古山龙

  • Mulberry Fruit 桑椹

  • Mulberry Leaf 桑叶

  • Mulberry Twig 桑枝

  • Mus Covite 云母

  • Musk 麝香

  • Muskroot-like Semiaquilegia Root 天葵子

  • Myrrh 没药

  • Nacre 珍珠母

  • Nakedflower Beautyberry Leaf 裸花紫珠

  • Natural Indigo 青黛

  • Ningpo Yam Rhizome 穿山龙

  • Nutgrass Galingale Rhizome 香附

  • Nutmeg 肉豆蔻

  • Nux Vomica 马钱子

  • Officinal Magnolia Bark 厚朴

  • Opium 阿片

  • Oriental Waterplantain Rhizome 泽泻

  • Orpiment 雌黄

  • Oyster Shell 牡蛎

  • Pagodatree Pod 槐角

  • Pale Butterflybush Flower 密蒙花

  • Palmleaf Raspberry Fruit 覆盆子

  • Pangolin Scales 穿山甲

  • Panicled Fameflower Root 土人参

  • Paniculate Swallowwort Root 徐长卿

  • Papaya 番木瓜

  • Papermulberry Fruit 楮实子

  • Parslane Herb 马齿苋

  • Peach Seed 桃仁

  • Pearl 珍珠

  • Pedate Pinallia Jackinthepulpit Rhizome 天南星

  • Peking Euphorbia Root 京大戟

  • Pepper 胡椒

  • Peppermint 薄荷

  • Pepperweed Seed / Tansymustard Seed 葶苈子

  • Perilla Fruit 紫苏子

  • Perilla Leaf 紫苏叶

  • Perilla Stem 紫苏梗

  • Pharbitis Seed 牵牛子

  • Philippine Violet Herb 紫花地丁

  • Phoenix Tree Seed 梧桐子

  • Pilose Asiabell Root /Moderate Asiabell Root/Szechwon Tangshen Root 党参

  • Pinellia Tuber 半夏

  • Pipe fish 海龙

  • Plant Soot 百草霜

  • Plantain Herb 车前草

  • Plantain Seed 车前子

  • Platycladi Seed 柏子仁

  • Platycodon Root 桔梗

  • Pokeberry Root 商陆

  • Pomegranate Rind 石榴皮

  • Prepared Common Monkshood Daughter Root 附子

  • Pricklyash Peel 花椒

  • Pubescent Holly Root 毛冬青

  • Puff-ball 马勃

  • Pummelo Peel 化橘红

  • Puncturevine Caltrop Fruit 蒺藜

  • Purpleflower Holly Leaf 四季青

  • Pyrrosia Leaf 石韦

  • Quartz 白石英

  • Radde Anemone Rhizome 竹节香附

  • Radish Seed 莱菔子

  • Ramie Root 苎麻根

  • Rangooncreeper Fruit 使君子

  • Realgar 雄黄

  • Red Ochre 代赭石

  • Red Paeony Root 赤芍

  • Reed Rhizome 芦根

  • Rehmannia Root 地黄

  • Rhubarb 大黄

  • Rice Bean 赤小豆

  • Rice-grain Sprout 谷芽

  • Ricepaperplant Pith 通草

  • Romanet Grape Root 野葡萄

  • Rose 玫瑰花

  • Round Cardamom Fruit /Java Amomum Fruit 白豆蔻

  • Rush 灯心草

  • Rust-coloured Crotalaria Herb 假地兰

  • Safflower 红花

  • Saffron 西红花

  • Sanchi 三七

  • Sandalwood 檀香

  • Scorpion 全蝎

  • Sea Horse 海马

  • Sea-ear Shell 石决明

  • Seaweed 海藻

  • Semen Nelumbinis 莲子

  • Senna Leaf 番泻叶

  • Sessile Stemona Root/Japanese Stemona Root/Tuber Stemona Root 百部

  • Sharpleaf Galangal Fruit 益智仁

  • Shepherdspurse Herb 荠菜

  • Shinyleaf Pricklyash Root 两面针

  • Shortleaf Kyllinga Herb 水蜈蚣

  • Shortstalk Monkshood Root/Pendulous Monkshood Root 雪上一只蒿

  • Shorttube Lycoris Bulb 石蒜

  • Shouliang Yam Rhizome 薯莨

  • Shrubalthea Bark 川槿皮

  • Siberian Cocklour Fruit 苍耳子

  • Silktree Albizzia Bark 合欢皮

  • Sinkiang Arnebia Root /Redroot Gromwell Root 紫草

  • Sinkiang Fritillary Bulb 伊贝母

  • Skyblue Broomrape Herb 列当

  • Slender Dutchmanspipe Root 青木香

  • Slenderstyle Acanthopanax Bark 五加皮/南

  • Snakegourd Fruit 瓜蒌

  • Snakegourd Seed 瓜蒌仁

  • Snow Lotus Herb 雪莲花

  • Snowbell-leaf Tickclover Herb 广金钱草

  • Songaria Cynomorium Herb 锁阳

  • South Dodder Seed / Chinese Dodder Seed 菟丝子

  • Spina Date Seed 酸枣仁

  • Spreading Hedyotis Herb 白花蛇舌草

  • Star Anise 八角茴香

  • Starwort Root 银柴胡

  • Stiff Silkworm 僵蚕

  • Suberect Spatholobus Stem 鸡血藤

  • Sulphur 硫黄

  • Sun Euphorbia Herb 泽漆

  • Sunflower Receptacle 向日葵

  • Sweet Osmanthus Flower 桂花

  • Sweet Wormwood Herb 青蒿

  • Swordlike Atractylodes Rhizome / Chinese Atractylodes Rhizome 苍术

  • Szechuan Lovage Rhizome 川芎

  • Szechwan Chinaberry Fruit 川楝子

  • Tabasheer 天竺黄

  • Talc 滑石

  • Tall Gastrodia Tuber 天麻

  • Tamarind Pulp 酸角

  • Tamariskoid Spikemoss Herb 卷柏

  • Tangerine Peel 陈皮

  • Tangerine Seed 橘核

  • Tangut Anisodus Radix 山莨菪

  • Tatarian Aster Root 紫菀

  • Thinleaf Milkwort Root-bark 远志

  • Thunberg Fritillary Bulb 浙贝母

  • Toad Skin 蟾蜍皮

  • Toad Venom 蟾酥

  • Tokay 蛤蚧

  • Tortoise Shell 龟甲

  • Towel Gourd Stem 丝瓜藤

  • Towel Gourd Vegetable Sponge 丝瓜络

  • Tree Peony Bark 牡丹皮

  • Tree-of-heaven Ailanthus Bark 椿皮

  • Trifoliate Jewelvine Root or Stem 鱼藤

  • Trifoliate-orange Immature Fruit 枸橘

  • Triquetrous Tadehagi Herb 葫芦茶

  • Trogopterus Dung 五灵脂

  • Tsaoko Amomum Fruit 草果

  • Tuber Fleeceflower Root 何首乌

  • Tuber Fleeceflower Stem 夜交藤

  • Tuber Onion Seed 韭菜子

  • Tuberous Sword Fern Rhizome 肾蕨

  • Turmeric 姜黄

  • Turmeric Root-tuber 郁金

  • Turtle Shell 鳖甲

  • Twotooth Achyranthes Root 牛膝

  • Unibract Fritillary Bulb 川贝母

  • Ussuriensis Fritillary Bulb 平贝母

  • Valerian Root 缬草

  • Vietnamese Sophora Root 山豆根

  • Villous Amomum Fruit / Cocklebur-like Amomum Fruit 砂仁

  • Virgate Wormwood Herb / Capillary Wormwood Herb 茵陈

  • Watermeion Peel 西瓜皮

  • Waternut Herb 通天草

  • Weeping Forsythiae Capsule 连翘

  • White Mulberry Root-bark 桑白皮

  • White Mustard Seed 白芥子

  • White Paeony Root 白芍

  • Whiteflower Hogfennel Root/Common Hongfennel Root 前胡

  • Wild Chrysanthemum 野菊花

  • Williams Elder Twig 接骨木

  • Wrinkled Gianthyssop Herb 藿香

  • Yanhusuo 延胡索

  • Yellow Croaker Ear-stone 鱼脑石

  • Yellowmouth Dutchmanspipe Root 汉中防已

  • Yerbadetajo Herb 墨旱莲

  • Yunnan Manyleaf Paris Rhizome / Chinese Paris Rhizome 重楼

  • Zedoary 莪术

  • Chinese Trumpetcreeper Flower Common TrumpetcreeperFlower 凌霄花

  • Chinese Usnea 松萝

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Shang, W. (2020). Traditional Chinese Medicine for Assisted Reproductive Technology. In: Bukulmez, O. (eds) Diminished Ovarian Reserve and Assisted Reproductive Technologies. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-23235-1_6

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