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Proso Millet (Panicum miliaceum L.) Breeding: Progress, Challenges and Opportunities

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Advances in Plant Breeding Strategies: Cereals

Abstract

Proso millet (Panicum miliaceum L.) is an annual cereal crop domesticated approximately 10,000 years ago in the semiarid regions of China. It is primarily grown in India, Nigeria, Niger, and China. Proso millet is used in Europe and North America as fodder and birdseed despite its highly nutritive and health-promoting benefits. Recently, the high content of different minerals and amino acids along with a low glycemic index and gluten-free property of the grains have attracted the industry and scientific communities. Proso millet has been used as a rotational crop in the winter wheat-fallow cropping system in the western Great Plains of the USA owing to its high water-use efficiency. This practice not only prevents the loss of organic matter from the no-till soil but also reduces weed and disease pressure. Regardless of the impeccable environmental and health benefits of proso millet, it remains as an under researched and underutilized crop. Plant breeders across the globe are trying to develop superior varieties using both classical and advanced breeding procedures. However, the lack of a genetic map and adequate genomic resources has slowed the crop improvement process. Proso millet germplasm representing a wide genetic diversity is conserved in gene banks maintained by several countries. The rapid growth in genomic research in the form of a linkage map development, novel molecular marker identification and availability of next-generation sequencing, together with high-throughput phenotyping promise to accelerate proso millet breeding. The development of proso millet cultivars which are high yielding, lodging and seed-shattering tolerant, direct combine-ready and nutrient enriched, would promote its increased cultivation, and use in the food industry.

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Acknowledgments

The authors acknowledge informal contributions on various aspects of proso millet genetic and breeding (often unpublished) by global proso millet scientists at various national and international scientific meetings.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Panhandle Research and Extension Center, Scottsbluff, NE, USA

    Dipak K. Santra, Rituraj Khound & Saurav Das

Authors
  1. Dipak K. Santra
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  2. Rituraj Khound
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  3. Saurav Das
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Dipak K. Santra .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, King Faisal University, Al-Hassa, Saudi Arabia

    Jameel M. Al-Khayri

  2. University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland

    Shri Mohan Jain

  3. Cincinnati, OH, USA

    Dennis V. Johnson

Appendices

Appendices

6.1.1 Appendix I: Research Institutes Relevant to Proso Millet

Institution

Specialization and research activities

Contact information and website

USDA-ARS North Central Regional Plant Introduction Station

Proso millet germplasm collection, conservation, and characterization

Plant Introduction Unit, G212 Agronomy Hall,

Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA.

E-mail: dbrenner@iastate.edu

Website: https://www.ars.usda.gov/midwest-area/ames/plant-introduction-research/

University of Nebraska-Lincoln Panhandle Research and Extension Center

Proso millet germplasm characterization, utilization, breeding, genetics, genomics, and biotechnology

University of Nebraska-Lincoln

4502 Avenue, Scottsbluff, NE 69361, USA

E-mail: dsantra2@unl.edu; schnable@unl.edu

Website: https://www.unl.edu/ https://extension.unl.edu/statewide/panhandle/

Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (ICS-CAAS)

Proso millet germplasm collection and characterization

ICS-CAAS, No.12 Zhongguancun South St., Haidian

District, Beijing, China 100,081

Email:zuokesuo@caas.cn

Website: http://ics.caas.cn/en/

Northwest A&F University

Proso millet breeding, end-use characterization

Northwest A&F University, No.3 Taicheng Road, Yangling, Shaanxi, China, 712,100

Email: web@nwafu.edu.cn, fengbaili@nwsuaf.edu.cn

Website: http://en.nwsuaf.edu.cn/

Crop Research Institute, Gansu Academy of Agricultural Sciences

Proso millet breeding and germplasm evaluation

Nongkeyuan Xincun 1, Anning District, Lanzhou City, Gansu Province, China;

E-mail: yangtianyu@gsagr.ac.cn

Website: http://www.gsagr.ac.cn/

Shanghai Centre for Plant Stress Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences

Proso millet genome sequencing and characteristics

No. 3888 Chenhua Road, Shanghai 201,602, China E-mail: zhangheng@sibs.ac.cn

Website: http://www.psc.ac.cn

International Crop Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT)

Germplasm characterization and conservation

ICRISAT, Hyderabad, India,

Email: ICRISAT@cgiar.org; m.vetriventhan@cgiar.org

Website: https://www.icrisat.org/

Indian Institute of Millet Research (IIMR)

Breeding and biotechnology

Hyderabad-500,030, Telangana. India,

E-mail: director.millets@icar.gov.in; avinash@millets.res.in

Website: http://millets.res.in/

Kangwon National University

Germplasm collection, conservation, and characterization

101–904, Ilsung Apt. Hyoja 3dong, Chuncheon, Korea.

E-mail: chpark@kangwon.ac.kr; Website: https://www.kangwon.ac.kr/english/index.do

All-Russia Research Institute of Legume and Groat Crops (GNU VNIIZBK)

Breeding, genetics, biotechnology, tissue culture

All-Russia Research Institute of Legume and Groat Crops (GNU VNIIZBK), Russia, Orel, E-mail: office@vniizbk.orel.ru; svbobkov@gmail.com,

Website: http://www.vniizbk.ru/en/structure/selection-center/laboratory-of-breeding-of-groat-crops.html

6.1.2 Appendix II: Proso Millet Genetic Resources

Cultivar

Important traits

Cultivation location

Dawn

Very early maturing; uniform ripening; large seed

USA

Rise

Stable under wide range of production environments; small seed. Tight panicle

USA

Sunup

Stable under a wide range of production environments

USA

Earlybird

Good straw strength, tight panicle; very large seed size, Early maturing

USA

Huntsman

Closed type panicle, large seed size, late maturity

USA

Sunrise

Large seed size, compact panicle

USA

Horizon

Large seed size; closed type panicle

USA

CO-3

Shining golden yellow grain

drought tolerant, leaf pubescent

India

Nagarjuna

Early maturity

India

Sagar

High seed yield

India

Bhawna

Stout, dwarf

India

CO(PV)5

Resistant to brown spot and tolerant to rust and grain smut

India

TNAU151

Tolerant to rust and shoot fly

India

TNAU164

Resistant to rust and grain smut

India

TNAU202

Drought resistant

India

Bistroye

High yielding early maturing

Russia

Kruppnoskoroe

High yield, early maturing, large grain

Russia

Sputnik, Slavjanskoe

High yield, mid-early maturing, resistant to smut, excellent groat quality

Russia

Alba

High yield, mid-early maturing, vigorous ripening, resistant to lodging, resistant to shattering, easy to hull, high output of groat

Russia

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Santra, D.K., Khound, R., Das, S. (2019). Proso Millet (Panicum miliaceum L.) Breeding: Progress, Challenges and Opportunities. In: Al-Khayri, J., Jain, S., Johnson, D. (eds) Advances in Plant Breeding Strategies: Cereals. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-23108-8_6

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