Abstract
Wheat (Triticum spp. L; Gramineae), a self-pollinating crop, is one of the most important cereal crops. Globally, wheat is an economic crop, utilized as food, feed, seed and industrial uses. Gene banks have conserved a large genetic resource collection of wheat germplasm including wild Triticum species. There are numerous species of Triticum with different genomes and chromosome numbers. Triticum harbors significant diversity based on ploidy level, biological status, geographical regions and morpho-agronomic traits. Introgression of novel alleles through crossing between various wheat genetic resources, e.g. modern varieties with locally-adapted varieties, enhances genetic diversity and preselection for traits of interest, which is required to ensure meaningful natural variation at the phenotype level. Improving wheat for biotic and abiotic stress tolerance traits, quality traits and yield attributes are the main objectives of wheat breeders and geneticists. Achieving these objectives can be facilitated by the application the modern genomics tools to augment traditional breeding programs. This chapter presents an overview of wheat germplasm biodiversity and conservation, objectives and stages of wheat breeding programs, cultivation and traditional breeding methods, in addition to modern plant breeding tools including marker-assisted breeding, genetic engineering and genome editing.
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Appendices
Appendices
15.1.1 Appendix I: Research Institutes Relevant to Wheat
Institution | Specialization and research activities | Contact information | Website |
|---|---|---|---|
International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT) | Breeding and molecular breeding program | Wheat Program, The International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center, Mexico | |
International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA) | Breeding and molecular breeding program | Department of Wheat Breeding/Genetics, International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas, Rabat, Morocco | |
Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Gatersleben | Breeding and molecular breeding research | Genbank Department, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, Gatersleben, Germany | |
Wheat Department, Agriculture Research Center (ARC) | Breeding program | Department of Wheat, Agriculture Research Center, Giza, Egypt |
15.1.2 Appendix II: Wheat Genetic Resources
Cultivars | Year of release | Pedigree | Cultivation location / Breeding sites | Important traits |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Mazha | 1940 | Landrace | Shaanxi Province, China | None dwarf genes |
Bima1 | 1951 | Mazha/Biyu | Shaanxi Province, China | None dwarf |
Fengchan3 | 1964 | Danmai 1/Xinong 6028 × Bima1 | Shaanxi Province, China | None dwarf |
Xiaoyan6 | 1981 | (ST2422 × 464)/Xiaoyan96 | Shaanxi Province, China | Rht-B1b + Rht8 |
Changhan58 | 2004 | Changwu112/PH 82–2 | Shaanxi Province, China | Rht-B1b |
Yaqui 50 | – | – | CIMMYT | 4.5 mt/ha yield, none Rht gene |
Pitic 62 | – | – | CIMMYT | 6.5 mt/ha yield, Rht2 Vrn1 + Vrn2 |
Siete Cerros | – | – | CIMMYT | 6.5 T/ha yield, Rht1 Vm1 + Vrn2 |
Yecora 70 | – | – | CIMMYT | 7 T/ha, Rht1 + Rht2 Vrn1 + Vrn3 |
Seri 82 | – | – | CIMMYT | 8 T/ha, Rht1 + Vrn3 |
Opata 85 | – | – | CIMMYT | 8 T/ha, Rht1 |
Baviacora 92 | – | – | CIMMYT | 9 T/ha, Rht1 |
Croc_1/Aegilops tauschii (224)//Opata | – | – | CIMMYT | Primary synthetic wheat, resistance to Pratyulenchus thornei |
Iraq 48 | – | – | Iraq | Possibly identical genetic location as Cre1; also resistant to P. thornei |
AUS4926 | – | – | Australia | Resistance to P. thornei |
Seds 9 | 1994 | Maya“s”/Mon“S”/4//CMH72.428/MRC//jip/3/CMH74A582/5/Giza157∗2SD10003 | Egypt | High yield, susceptible to rust, resistance to smut, long spike |
Giza 168 | 1999 | Mil/Buc//Seri | Egypt | High yield, resistance to rust and smut |
Sakha 94 | 2004 | Opata/Rayon//Kauz | Egypt | High yield, resistance to rust and smut |
Gemmiza 10 | 2004 | Maya74”s”/On//1160147/3/Bb/4/Chat s /5/Ctow | Egypt | High yield, resistance to rust and smut |
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Mourad, A.M.I., Alomari, D.Z., Alqudah, A.M., Sallam, A., Salem, K.F.M. (2019). Recent Advances in Wheat (Triticum spp.) Breeding. In: Al-Khayri, J., Jain, S., Johnson, D. (eds) Advances in Plant Breeding Strategies: Cereals. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-23108-8_15
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