Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in
Book cover

Traumatic Brain Injury pp 159–180Cite as

Post-traumatic Headache

  • Chapter
  • First Online:

  • 2193 Accesses

Abstract

Post-traumatic headaches (PTHAs) are a common occurrence following mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI), and while most PTHAs resolve, a proportion of patients develop chronic headache disorders. The exact mechanism(s) by which PTHAs develop are unknown, but herein we review some of the current pathophysiologic hypotheses. History and physical examination are important to rule out potentially dangerous secondary conditions, determine treatment approach, and evaluate for the need for further workup or neuroimaging. Treatment of PTHA requires phenotyping of the PTHA using criteria for primary headache disorders, as most PTHAs meet criteria for primary headache disorders and are usually migraine or tension-type headaches. The therapeutic approach to PTHA requires optimizing pharmacologic and non-pharmacologic management of each patient’s head and neck pain as well as treatment of associated comorbidities.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   149.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD   199.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Headache Classification Committee of the International Headache Society (IHS). The international classification of headache disorders, 3rd edition (beta version). Cephalalgia Int J Headache. 2013;33(9):629–808.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. O’Neil ME, Carlson K, Storzbach D, Brenner L, Freeman M, Quiñones A, et al. Complications of mild traumatic brain injury in veterans and military personnel: a systematic review [Internet]. Washington (DC): Department of Veterans Affairs (US); 2013. (VA Evidence-based Synthesis Program Reports). Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK189785/.

  3. Monteith TS, Borsook D. Insights and advances in post-traumatic headache: research considerations. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep. 2014;14(2):428.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Russo A, D’Onofrio F, Conte F, Petretta V, Tedeschi G, Tessitore A. Post-traumatic headaches: a clinical overview. Neurol Sci. 2014;35:153–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Brown AW, Watanabe TK, Hoffman JM, Bell KR, Lucas S, Dikmen S. Headache after traumatic brain injury: a National Survey of clinical practices and treatment approaches. PM&R. 2015;7(1):3–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Lucas S. Characterization and management of headache after mild traumatic brain injury. In: Kobeissy FH, editor. Brain neurotrauma: molecular, neuropsychological, and rehabilitation aspects [Internet]. Boca Raton: CRC Press/Taylor & Francis; 2015.

    Google Scholar 

  7. Theeler B, Lucas S, Riechers RG, Ruff RL. Post-traumatic headaches in civilians and military personnel: a comparative, clinical review. Headache. 2013;53(6):881–900.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Theeler BJ, Flynn FG, Erickson JC. Chronic daily headache in U.S. soldiers after concussion. Headache. 2012;52(5):732–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Hoffman JM, Lucas S, Dikmen S, Braden CA, Brown AW, Brunner R, et al. Natural history of headache after traumatic brain injury. J Neurotrauma. 2011;28(9):1719–25.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  10. Evans RW. Post-traumatic headaches. Neurol Clin. 2004;22(1):237–49, viii

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Formisano R, Bivona U, Catani S, D’Ippolito M, Buzzi MG. Post-traumatic headache: facts and doubts. J Headache Pain. 2009;10(3):145–52.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  12. Lenaerts ME. Post-traumatic headache: from classification challenges to biological underpinnings. Cephalalgia Int J Headache. 2008;28(Suppl 1):12–5.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Defrin R. Chronic post-traumatic headache: clinical findings and possible mechanisms. J Man Manip Ther. 2014;22(1):36–44.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  14. DiTommaso C, Hoffman JM, Lucas S, Dikmen S, Temkin N, Bell KR. Medication usage patterns for headache treatment after mild traumatic brain injury. Headache. 2014;54(3):511–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Benromano T, Defrin R, Ahn AH, Zhao J, Pick CG, Levy D. Mild closed head injury promotes a selective trigeminal hypernociception: implications for the acute emergence of post-traumatic headache. Eur J Pain Lond Engl. 2015;19(5):621–8.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Kjeldgaard D, Forchhammer HB, Teasdale TW, Jensen RH. Cognitive behavioural treatment for the chronic post-traumatic headache patient: a randomized controlled trial. J Headache Pain. 2014;15(1):81.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  17. Mihalik JP, Register-Mihalik J, Kerr ZY, Marshall SW, McCrea MC, Guskiewicz KM. Recovery of posttraumatic migraine characteristics in patients after mild traumatic brain injury. Am J Sports Med. 2013;41(7):1490–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Seifert TD. Sports concussion and associated post-traumatic headache. Headache. 2013;53(5):726–36.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Elahi F, Reddy C. Neuromodulation of the great auricular nerve for persistent post-traumatic headache. Pain Physician. 2014;17(4):E531–6.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Kontos AP, Elbin RJ, Lau B, Simensky S, Freund B, French J, et al. Posttraumatic migraine as a predictor of recovery and cognitive impairment after sport-related concussion. Am J Sports Med. 2013;41(7):1497–504.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Evans RW. Persistent post-traumatic headache, Postconcussion syndrome, and whiplash injuries: the evidence for a non-traumatic basis with an historical review. Headache J Head Face Pain. 2010;50(4):716–24.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Michaleff ZA, Maher CG, Lin C-WC, Rebbeck T, Jull G, Latimer J, et al. Comprehensive physiotherapy exercise programme or advice for chronic whiplash (PROMISE): a pragmatic randomised controlled trial. Lancet Lond Engl. 2014;384(9938):133–41.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Defrin R, Riabinin M, Feingold Y, Schreiber S, Pick CG. Deficient pain modulatory systems in patients with mild traumatic brain and chronic post-traumatic headache: implications for its mechanism. J Neurotrauma. 2015;32(1):28–37.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  24. Solomon S, Director Emeritus, Headache Center, Montefiore Medical Center, and Professor of Neurology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine. Chronic post-traumatic headache—understanding the complexities and treatment options. US Neurol. 2010;6(1):78.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Goryunova AV. Post-traumatic headache in children. Neurosci Behav Physiol. 2011;41(3):283–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Pinchefsky E, Dubrovsky AS, Friedman D, Shevell M. Part I--evaluation of pediatric post-traumatic headaches. Pediatr Neurol. 2015;52(3):263–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Kuczynski A, Crawford S, Bodell L, Dewey D, Barlow KM. Characteristics of post-traumatic headaches in children following mild traumatic brain injury and their response to treatment: a prospective cohort. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2013;55(7):636–41.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Mickeviciene D, Schrader H, Obelieniene D, Surkiene D, Kunickas R, Stovner LJ, et al. A controlled prospective inception cohort study on the post-concussion syndrome outside the medicolegal context. Eur J Neurol. 2004;11(6):411–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Faux S, Sheedy J. A prospective controlled study in the prevalence of posttraumatic headache following mild traumatic brain injury. Pain Med Malden Mass. 2008;9(8):1001–11.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Carroll LJ, Cassidy JD, Peloso PM, Borg J, von Holst H, Holm L, et al. Prognosis for mild traumatic brain injury: results of the WHO collaborating Centre task force on mild traumatic brain injury. J Rehabil Med. 2004;36(43 Suppl):84–105.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. Rosenthal JF, Erickson JC. Post-traumatic stress disorder in U.S. soldiers with post-traumatic headache. Headache. 2013;53(10):1564–72.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Ramchand R, Schell TL, Karney BR, Osilla KC, Burns RM, Caldarone LB. Disparate prevalence estimates of PTSD among service members who served in Iraq and Afghanistan: possible explanations. J Trauma Stress. 2010;23(1):59–68.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Fischer H. A guide to US military casualty statistics: operation freedom’s sentinel, operation inherent resolve, operation new dawn, operation Iraqi freedom, and operation enduring freedom. Congr Res Serv. 2015;7:5700.

    Google Scholar 

  34. Committee on the Assessment of the Readjustment Needs of Military Personnel, Veterans, and Their Families, Board on the Health of Select Populations, Institute of Medicine. Returning home from Iraq and Afghanistan: assessment of readjustment needs of veterans, service members, and their families [Internet]. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 2013. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK206864/.

  35. Bartsch T, Goadsby PJ. The trigeminocervical complex and migraine: current concepts and synthesis. Curr Pain Headache Rep. 7(5):371–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Ruff RL, Blake K. Pathophysiological links between traumatic brain injury and post-traumatic headaches. F1000Research. 2016;5:2116.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  37. Finkel AG, Yerry JA, Klaric JS, Ivins BJ, Scher A, Choi YS. Headache in military service members with a history of mild traumatic brain injury: a cohort study of diagnosis and classification. Cephalalgia. 2016:333102416651285.

    Google Scholar 

  38. Watanabe TK, Bell KR, Walker WC, Schomer K. Systematic review of interventions for post-traumatic headache. PM R. 2012;4(2):129–40.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Walker J, Howell S. Ultrasound guided greater occipital nerve blocks for post-traumatic occipital neuralgia. W V Med J. 2014;110(2):12–3.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Peripheral painful traumatic trigeminal neuropathies - Benoliel - 2011 - Oral Diseases - Wiley Online Library. [Internet]. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1601-0825.2011.01883.x/full

  41. Elias L-A, Yilmaz Z, Smith JG, Bouchiba M, van der Valk RA, Page L, et al. PainDETECT: a suitable screening tool for neuropathic pain in patients with painful post-traumatic trigeminal nerve injuries? Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2014;43(1):120–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Dieb W, Hafidi A. Mechanism of GABA involvement in post-traumatic trigeminal neuropathic pain: activation of neuronal circuitry composed of PKCγ interneurons and pERK1/2 expressing neurons. Eur J Pain. 2015;19(1):85–96.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Haas DC. Chronic post-traumatic headaches classified and compared with natural headaches. Cephalalgia Int J Headache. 1996;16(7):486–93.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Baandrup L, Jensen R. Chronic post-traumatic headache – a clinical analysis in relation to the international headache classification 2nd edition. Cephalalgia. 2005;25(2):132–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Heyer GL, Idris SA. Does analgesic overuse contribute to chronic post-traumatic headaches in adolescent concussion patients? Pediatr Neurol. 2014;50(5):464–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Evers S, Suhr B, Bauer B, Grotemeyer KH, Husstedt IW. A retrospective long-term analysis of the epidemiology and features of drug-induced headache. J Neurol. 1999;246(9):802–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Wronski M, Zagami AS. Investigation of patients presenting with headache [Internet]. Available from: http://medicinetoday.com.au/2015/november/feature-article/investigation-patients-presenting-headache.

  48. M S, Lamont AC, Alias NA, Win MN. Red flags in patients presenting with headache: clinical indications for neuroimaging. Br J Radiol. 2003;76(908):532–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Management of Headache Following Concussion/ Mild Traumatic Brain Injury: Guidance for Primary Care Management in Deployed and Non-Deployed Settings [Internet]. DVBIC; 2016. Available from: https://dvbic.dcoe.mil/files/resources/DVBIC_2687_Headache-Following-Mild-TBI_Clinical-Recommendation_v1.0_2016-07-07.pdf.

  50. Rendas-Baum R, Yang M, Varon SF, Bloudek LM, DeGryse RE, Kosinski M. Validation of the headache impact test (HIT-6) in patients with chronic migraine. Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2014;12:117.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  51. Wenzel RG, Sarvis CA, Krause ML. Over-the-counter drugs for acute migraine attacks: literature review and recommendations. Pharmacother J Hum Pharmacol Drug Ther. 2003;23(4):494–505.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Chronic Migraine Prevalence, Disability, and Sociodemographic Factors: Results From the American Migraine Prevalence and Prevention Study - Buse - 2012 - Headache: The Journal of Head and Face Pain - Wiley Online Library [Internet]. Available from: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com.wrnmmc.idm.oclc.org/doi/10.1111/j.1526-4610.2012.02223.x/abstract.

  53. Kosinski M, Bayliss MS, Bjorner JB, Ware JE, Garber WH, Batenhorst A, et al. A six-item short-form survey for measuring headache impact: the HIT-6. Qual Life Res Int J Qual Life Asp Treat Care Rehabil. 2003;12(8):963–74.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Stewart WF, Lipton RB, Dowson AJ, Sawyer J. Development and testing of the migraine disability assessment (MIDAS) questionnaire to assess headache-related disability. Neurology. 2001;56(suppl 1):S20–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Nampiaparampil DE. Prevalence of chronic pain after traumatic brain injury: a systematic review. JAMA. 2008;300(6):711–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Weathers FW, Keane TM, Davidson JR. Clinician-administered PTSD scale: a review of the first ten years of research. Depress Anxiety. 2001;13(3):132–56.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Ali G-C, Ryan G, Silva MJD. Validated screening tools for common mental disorders in low and middle income countries: a systematic review. PLoS One. 2016;11(6):e0156939.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Westergren A, Broman J-E, Hellström A, Fagerström C, Willman A, Hagell P. Measurement properties of the minimal insomnia symptom scale as an insomnia screening tool for adults and the elderly. Sleep Med. 2015;16(3):379–84.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Donohoe CD. The role of the physical examination in the evaluation of headache. Med Clin North Am. 2013;97(2):197–216.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Amyot F, Arciniegas DB, Brazaitis MP, Curley KC, Diaz-Arrastia R, Gandjbakhche A, et al. A review of the effectiveness of neuroimaging modalities for the detection of traumatic brain injury. J Neurotrauma. 2015;32(22):1693–721.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  61. Wintermark M, Sanelli PC, Anzai Y, Tsiouris AJ, Whitlow CT, Druzgal TJ, et al. Imaging evidence and recommendations for traumatic brain injury: conventional neuroimaging techniques. J Am Coll Radiol. 2015;12(2):e1–14.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Neuroimaging Following Mild TBI in the Non-Deployed Setting Clinical Recommendation [Internet]. DVBIC; 2013. Available from: https://dvbic.dcoe.mil/material/neuroimaging-following-mtbi-non-deployed-setting-clinical-recommendation.

  63. Thompson BG, Brown RD, Amin-Hanjani S, Broderick JP, Cockroft KM, Connolly ES, et al. Guidelines for the Management of Patients with Unruptured Intracranial Aneurysms a Guideline for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke. 2015;46(8):2368–400.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Chen CC-C, Chang PC-T, Shy C-G, Chen W-S, Hung H-C. CT angiography and MR angiography in the evaluation of carotid cavernous sinus fistula prior to embolization: a comparison of techniques. Am J Neuroradiol. 2005;26(9):2349–56.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  65. Stam J. Thrombosis of the cerebral veins and sinuses. N Engl J Med. 2005;352(17):1791–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Biondi DM. Cervicogenic headache: a review of diagnostic and treatment strategies. J Am Osteopath Assoc. 2005;105(4 Suppl 2):16S–22S.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Knackstedt H, Kråkenes J, Bansevicius D, Russell MB. Magnetic resonance imaging of craniovertebral structures: clinical significance in cervicogenic headaches. J Headache Pain. 2012;13(1):39–44.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Graff-Radford SB, Schievink WI. High-pressure headaches, low-pressure syndromes, and CSF leaks: diagnosis and management. Headache J Head Face Pain. 2014;54(2):394–401.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  69. Theeler BJ, Erickson JC. Posttraumatic headache in military personnel and veterans of the Iraq and Afghanistan conflicts. Curr Treat Options Neurol. 2012;14(1):36–49.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Arciniegas DB, Anderson CA, Topkoff J, McAllister TW. Mild traumatic brain injury: a neuropsychiatric approach to diagnosis, evaluation, and treatment. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2005;1(4):311–27.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  71. Holland S, Silberstein SD, Freitag F, Dodick DW, Argoff C, Ashman E. Evidence-based guideline update: NSAIDs and other complementary treatments for episodic migraine prevention in adults: [RETIRED] report of the quality standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of neurology and the American headache society. Neurology. 2012;78(17):1346–53.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  72. Waldie KE, Buckley J, Bull PN, Poulton R. Tension-type headache: a life-course review. J Headache Pain Manag [Internet]. 2016. Available from: http://headache.imedpub.com/abstract/tensiontype-headache-a-lifecourse-review-7702.html.

  73. Rana MV. Managing and treating headache of cervicogenic origin. Med Clin North Am. 2013;97(2):267–80.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Láinez MJ, García-Casado A, Gascón F. Optimal management of severe nausea and vomiting in migraine: improving patient outcomes. Patient Relat Outcome Meas. 2013;4:61–73.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  75. Friedman BW, Garber L, Yoon A, Solorzano C, Wollowitz A, Esses D, et al. Randomized trial of IV valproate vs metoclopramide vs ketorolac for acute migraine. Neurology. 2014;82(11):976–83.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Erickson JC. Treatment outcomes of chronic post-traumatic headaches after mild head trauma in US soldiers: an observational study. Headache J Head Face Pain. 2011;51(6):932–44.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  77. Knowles S, Oh P, Gomes T. Ontario drug policy research network. Triptans for acute migraine: drug class review to help inform policy decisions. Headache. 2015;55(Suppl 4):191–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Cameron C, Kelly S, Hsieh S-C, Murphy M, Chen L, Kotb A, et al. Triptans in the acute treatment of migraine: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Headache. 2015;55(Suppl 4):221–35.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Newman LC. Why triptan treatment can fail: focus on gastrointestinal manifestations of migraine. Headache J Head Face Pain. 2013;53:11–6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  80. Treating migraine headaches with Triptans Comparing effectiveness, safety, and price of these medications. Consum Rep. 2013.

    Google Scholar 

  81. Loder E, Weizenbaum E. Adding NSAIDs to triptans: could less be more? Cephalalgia. 2014;34(6):407–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Tepper SJ, Spears RC. Acute treatment of migraine. Neurol Clin. 2009;27(2):417–27.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Marmura MJ, Silberstein SD, Schwedt TJ. The acute treatment of migraine in adults: the American headache society evidence assessment of migraine pharmacotherapies. Headache J Head Face Pain. 2015;55(1):3–20.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  84. Ansari H, Ziad S. Drug-drug interactions in headache medicine. Headache. 2016;56(7):1241–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. Evers S, Jensen R. Treatment of medication overuse headache – guideline of the EFNS headache panel. Eur J Neurol. 2011;18(9):1115–21.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  86. Romero CE, Baron JD, Knox AP, Hinchey JA, Ropper AH. Barbiturate withdrawal following Internet purchase of fioricet. Arch Neurol. 2004;61(7):1111–2.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  87. Kristoffersen ES, Lundqvist C. Medication-overuse headache: a review. J Pain Res. 2014;7:367–78.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  88. Taghdiri F, Togha M, Razeghi Jahromi S, Paknejad SMH. Celecoxib vs prednisone for the treatment of withdrawal headache in patients with medication overuse headache: a randomized, double-blind clinical trial. Headache J Head Face Pain. 2015;55(1):128–35.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  89. Cheung V, Amoozegar F, Dilli E. Medication overuse headache. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep. 2015;15(1):509.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  90. Mei D, Ferraro D, Zelano G, Capuano A, Vollono C, Gabriele C, et al. Topiramate and triptans revert chronic migraine with medication overuse to episodic migraine. Clin Neuropharmacol. 2006;29(5):269–75.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  91. Saper JR, Da Silva AN. Medication overuse headache: history, features, prevention and management strategies. CNS Drugs. 2013;27(11):867–77.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  92. Silberstein SD. Practice parameter: evidence-based guidelines for migraine headache (an evidence-based review): report of the quality standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of neurology. Neurology. 2000;55(6):754–62.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  93. Estemalik E, Tepper S. Preventive treatment in migraine and the new US guidelines. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2013;9:709–20.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  94. Evers S, Áfra J, Frese A, Goadsby PJ, Linde M, May A, et al. EFNS guideline on the drug treatment of migraine – revised report of an EFNS task force. Eur J Neurol. 2009;16(9):968–81.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  95. Sinclair AJ, Sturrock A, Davies B, Matharu M. Headache management: pharmacological approaches. Pract Neurol. 2015;15(6):411–23.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  96. Lipton RB, Silberstein SD. Episodic and chronic migraine headache: breaking down barriers to optimal treatment and prevention. Headache J Head Face Pain. 2015;55:103–22.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  97. Jackson JL, Cogbill E, Santana-Davila R, Eldredge C, Collier W, Gradall A, et al. A comparative effectiveness meta-analysis of drugs for the prophylaxis of migraine headache. PLoS One. 2015;10(7):e0130733.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  98. Pringsheim T, Davenport W, Mackie G, Worthington I, Aubé M, Christie SN, et al. Canadian headache society guideline for migraine prophylaxis. Can J Neurol Sci J Can Sci Neurol. 2012;39(2 Suppl 2):S1–59.

    Google Scholar 

  99. Zesiewicz TA, Shaw JD, Allison KG, Staffetti JS, Okun MS, Sullivan KL. Update on treatment of essential tremor. Curr Treat Options Neurol. 2013;15(4):410–23.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  100. Freitag F. Managing and treating tension-type headache. Med Clin North Am. 2013;97(2):281–92.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  101. Gadient PM, Smith JH. The neuralgias: diagnosis and management. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep. 2014;14(7):459.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  102. Campbell JK, Penzien DB, Wall EM. Evidence based guidelines for migraine headaches: behavioral and physical treatments. U.S. Headache Consortium. Available from:www.aan.com/public/practiceguidelines/headache.

  103. Conidi FX. Interventional treatment for post-traumatic headache. Curr Pain Headache Rep. 2016;20(6):40.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  104. Yerry JA, Kuehn D, Finkel AG. Onabotulinum toxin a for the treatment of headache in service members with a history of mild traumatic brain injury: a cohort study. Headache. 2015;55(3):395–406.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  105. Neely ET, Midgette LA, Scher AI. Clinical review and epidemiology of headache disorders in US Service members: with emphasis on post-traumatic headache. Headache J Head Face Pain. 2009;49(7):1089–96.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  106. Lippert-Grüner M. Botulinum toxin in the treatment of post-traumatic headache - case study. Neurol Neurochir Pol. 2012;46(6):591–4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Disclaimer

The identification of specific products or scientific instrumentation is considered an integral part of the scientific endeavor and does not constitute endorsement or implied endorsement on the part of the author, the United States Department of Defense, or any component agency of the US Government. The views expressed in this chapter are those of the author and do not reflect the official policy of the US Departments of the Army, Navy, or Air Force, the US Department of Defense, or the US Government.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Neurology, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, MD, USA

    Ajal M. Dave & Brett J. Theeler

  2. Department of Neurology, St. Joseph’s Hospital, Tacoma, WA, USA

    Jay C. Erickson

Authors
  1. Ajal M. Dave
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Jay C. Erickson
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Brett J. Theeler
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Ajal M. Dave .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA

    Jack W. Tsao

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2020 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Dave, A.M., Erickson, J.C., Theeler, B.J. (2020). Post-traumatic Headache. In: Tsao, J. (eds) Traumatic Brain Injury. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-22436-3_9

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-22436-3_9

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-030-22435-6

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-030-22436-3

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation