Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

State of the Art of Socio-demographic Approaches to Breastfeeding in Sub-Saharan Africa

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Breastfeeding in Rural Niger

Part of the book series: Demographic Transformation and Socio-Economic Development ((DTSD,volume 12))

  • 82 Accesses

Abstract

This chapter illustrates what we already know about breastfeeding promotion in the developing world, more specifically in sub-Saharan Africa, and new directions explored by the recent research findings. We emphasized the importance of reviewing previous studies about behavior change in early initiation of breastfeeding. Systematic literature review identified risk and protective factors for early initiation of breastfeeding within the 1st hour of birth. This meta-analysis provided evidence-based findings which allowed us to develop further the framework of secondary analysis of the databases of household and community surveys in Niger. Looking at other previous studies and updating ourselves on the most recently published research work on the same subject is the first step to undertake in an original research work. Based on the findings of the previous studies, we built a list of variables likely to be determinants of and other influencing factors for early initiation of breastfeeding after birth in Niger. A theoretical framework of the present research was elaborated in behavioral analysis of neonatal feeding and healthcare from demographic perspectives. Besides, by restricting geographical zones of research to sub-Saharan Africa, the findings drew on the limited scientific research.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Notes

  1. 1.

    West and Central Africa includes Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Congo, Côte d’Ivoire, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Liberia, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria, Sao Tome and Principe, Senegal, Sierra Leone, and Togo.

  2. 2.

    According to WHO/UNICEF, complementary feeding, giving semisolid food to supplement the required energy and nutrition provided by continued breastfeeding, should be introduced from the sixth month of birth.

References

Chapter 3

  • Allen, L. H., & Gillespie, S. R. (2001). What works? A review of the efficacy and effectiveness of nutrition interventions. Manila: United Nations Administrative Committee on Coordination, Subcommittee on Nutrition with the Asian Development Bank.

    Google Scholar 

  • Anderson, A., Damio, G., Young, S., Chapman, D., & Perez-Escamilla, R. (2005). A randomized trial assessing the efficacy of peer counseling on exclusive breastfeeding in a predominantly Latina low-income community. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, 159(9), 836–841.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Aubel, J., Touré, I., & Diagne, M. (2004). Senegalese grandmothers promote improved maternal and child nutrition practices: The guardians of tradition are not averse to change. Social Science & Medicine, 59(5), 945–959. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2003.11.044.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bbaale, E. (2014). Determinants of early initiation, exclusiveness, and duration of breastfeeding in Uganda. Journal of Health, Population, and Nutrition, 32(2), 249–260.

    Google Scholar 

  • Black, R. E., Victora, C. G., Walker, S. P., Bhutta, Z. A., Christian, P., de Onis, M., Ezzati, M., et al. (2013). Maternal and child undernutrition and overweight in low-income and middle-income countries. The Lancet, 382(9890), 427–451.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Caldwell, J. C., Hill, A. G., & Hull, V. J. (1988). Micro-approaches to demographic research. Toronto: Kegan Paul International.

    Google Scholar 

  • Callaghan-Koru, J. A., Nonyane, B. A. S., Guenther, T., Sitrin, D., Ligowe, R., Chimbalanga, E., Zimba, E., Kachale, F., Shah, R., & Baqui, A. H. (2013). Contribution of community-based newborn health promotion to reducing inequities in healthy newborn care practices and knowledge: Evidence of improvement from a three-district pilot program in Malawi. BMC Public Health, 13, 1052. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-13-1052.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Caselli, G., Vallin, J., & Guillaume Wunsch, J. (Eds.). (2002). Demographie: Analyse et Synthese II Les Déterminants de La Fécondité. Paris: L’Institut National d’Etudes Demographiques.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chapman, D. J., Morel, K., Anderson, A. K., Damio, G., & Perez-Escamilla, R. (2010). Breastfeeding peer counseling: From efficacy through scale-up. Journal of Human Lactation, 26(3), 314–326.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chesnais, J.-C. (1995). La Démographie. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clemens, J., Elyazeed, R. A., Rao, M., Savarino, S., Morsy, B. Z., Kim, Y., Wierzba, T., Naficy, A., & Lee, Y. J. (1999). Early initiation of breastfeeding and the risk of infant diarrhea in rural Egypt. Pediatrics, 104(July), e3.

    Google Scholar 

  • Commission on Social Determinants of Health. (2008). Closing the gap in a generation: Health equity through action on the social determinants of health. Final report of the Commission on Social Determinants of Health. Geneva: World Health Organization.

    Google Scholar 

  • Daulaire, N. (2005). Niger: Not just another famine. Lancet, 366(9502), 2004. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(05)67812-9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Davies-Adetugbo, A. A. 1997. Sociocultural factors and the promotion of exclusive breastfeeding in rural Yoruba communities of Osun State, Nigeria. Social Science & Medicine, 45, 113–125.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dennis, C.-L. (2002). Breastfeeding initiation and duration: A 1990–2000 literature review. Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic, & Neonatal Nursing, 31(1), 12–32. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1552-6909.2002.tb00019.x.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dettwyler, K. A. (1987). Breastfeeding and weaning in Mali: Cultural context and hard data. Social Science & Medicine, 24(January), 633–644.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Edmond, K. M., Zandoh, C., Quigley, M. A., Amenga-Etego, S., Owusu-Agyei, S., & Kirkwood, B. R. (2006). Delayed breastfeeding initiation increases risk of neonatal mortality. Pediatrics, 117(March), e380–e386. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2005-1496.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Engebretsen, I. M. S., Nankabirwa, V., Doherty, T., Diallo, A. H., Nankunda, J., Fadnes, L. T., Ekstrom, E.-C., et al. (2014). Early infant feeding practices in three African countries: The PROMISE-EBF trial promoting exclusive breastfeeding by peer counsellors. International Breastfeeding Journal, 9, 19. https://doi.org/10.1186/1746-4358-9-19.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Exavery, A., Kante, A. M., Njozi, M., Tani, K., Doctor, H. V., Hingora, A., & Phillips, J. F. (2014). Access to institutional delivery care and reasons for home delivery in three districts of Tanzania. International Journal for Equity in Health, 13, 48. https://doi.org/10.1186/1475-9276-13-48.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fairbank, L., O’Meara, S., Renfrew, M. J., Woolridge, M., Sowden, A. J., & Lister-Sharp, D. (2000). A systematic review to evaluate the effectiveness of interventions to promote the initiation of breastfeeding. Health Technology Assessment, 4, 1–171.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fenn, B., Kirkwood, B. R., Popatia, Z., & Bradley, D. J. (2007). Inequities in neonatal survival interventions: Evidence from national surveys. Archives of Disease in Childhood. Fetal and Neonatal Edition, 92(5), F361–F366. https://doi.org/10.1136/adc.2006.104836.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Garcia, A. H., Voortman, T., Baena, C. P., Chowdhurry, R., Muka, T., Jaspers, L., Warnakula, S., et al. (2016). Maternal weight status, diet, and supplement use as determinants of breastfeeding and complementary feeding: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutrition Reviews, 74(8), 490–516. https://doi.org/10.1093/nutrit/nuw016.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gunnlaugsson, G., & Einarsdottir, J. (1993). Colostrum and ideas about bad milk: A case study from Guinea-Bissau. Social Science & Medicine (1982), 36(3), 283–288.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gunnlaugsson, G., da Silva, M. C., & Smedman, L. (1992). Determinants of delayed initiation of breastfeeding: A community and hospital study from Guinea-Bissau. International Journal of Epidemiology, 21(October), 935–940.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hadley, C., Lindstrom, D., Belachew, T., & Tessema, F. (2008). Ethiopian adolescents’ attitudes and expectations deviate from current infant and young child feeding recommendations. Journal of Adolescent Health, 43(3), 253–259. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2007.01.015.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hampshire, K., Casiday, R., Kilpatrick, K., & Panter-Brick, C. (2009). The social context of childcare practices and child malnutrition in Niger’s recent food crisis. Disasters, 33(1), 132–151.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Holmes, W., Hoy, D., Lockley, A., Thammavongxay, K., Bounnaphol, S., Xeuatvongsa, A., & Toole, M. (2007). Influences on maternal and child nutrition in the highlands of the northern Lao PDR. Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 16, 537–545.

    Google Scholar 

  • Horii, N., Guyon, A. B., & Quinn, V. J. (2011). Determinants of delayed initiation of breastfeeding in rural Ethiopia: Programmatic implications. Food and Nutrition Bulletin, 32(June), 94–102.

    Google Scholar 

  • Huffman, S. L. (1984). Determinants of breastfeeding in developing countries: Overview and policy implications. Studies in Family Planning, 15(July), 170–183.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Institut National de la Statistique. (2007). Enquete Demographique et de Sante et a Indicateurs Multiples 2006. Niamey: CSO and Macro International.

    Google Scholar 

  • Institut National de la Statistique (INS), & ICF International. (2013). Enquête Démographique et de Santé et à Indicateurs Multiples Du Niger 2012. Calverton: INS & ICF International.

    Google Scholar 

  • Islam, M., Rahman, S., Kamruzzaman, Islam, M., & Samad, A. (2013). Effect of maternal status and breastfeeding practices on infant nutritional status – A cross sectional study in the south-west region of Bangladesh. The Pan African Medical Journal, 16, 139. https://doi.org/10.11604/pamj.2013.16.139.2755.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jones, D. A., & West, R. R. (1985). Lactation nurse increases duration of breast feeding. Archives of Disease in Childhood, 60(8), 772–774.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jones, C. P., Jones, C. Y., Perry, G. S., Barclay, G., & Jones, C. A. (2009). Addressing the social determinants of children’s health: A cliff analogy. Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved, 20(4 Suppl), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1353/hpu.0.0228.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kayemba, N., Christine, D. G., Waiswa, P., Kiguli, J., Namazzi, G., Namutumba, S., Tomson, G., & Peterson, S. (2013). Community health workers – A resource for identification and referral of sick newborns in rural Uganda. Tropical Medicine & International Health: TM & IH, 18(7), 898–906. https://doi.org/10.1111/tmi.12106.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kirkwood, B. R., Manu, A., ten Asbroek, A. H. A., Soremekun, S., Weobong, B., Gyan, T., Danso, S., et al. (2013). Effect of the Newhints home-visits intervention on neonatal mortality rate and care practices in Ghana: A cluster randomised controlled trial. The Lancet, 381(9884), 2184–2192. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(13)60095-1.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lennie, J., & Tacchi, J. (2011). United Nations inter-agency resource pack on research, monitoring and evaluation in communication for development. New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Leridon, H. (2007). Studies of fertility and fecundity: Comparative approaches from demography and epidemiology. Comptes Rendus Biologies, 330(4), 339–346. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crvi.2007.02.013.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Madhavan, S. (2001). Female relationships and demographic outcomes in Sub-Saharan Africa. Sociological Forum, 16(3), 503–527.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mangasaryan, N., Martin, L., Brownlee, A., Ogunlade, A., Rudert, C., & Cai, X. (2012). Breastfeeding promotion, support and protection: Review of six country programmes. Nutrients, 4(8), 990–1014. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu4080990.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Matanda, D. J., Mittelmark, M. B., Urke, H. B., & Amugsi, D. A. (2014). Reliability of demographic and socioeconomic variables in predicting early initiation of breastfeeding: A replication analysis using the Kenya Demographic and Health Survey data. BMJ Open, 4(6), e005194. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2014-005194.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Moore, E., Anderson, G., & Bergman, N. (2007). Early skin-to-skin contact for mothers and their healthy newborn infants. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, CD003519.

    Google Scholar 

  • Morhason-Bello, I. O., Adedokun, B. O., & Ojengbede, O. A. (2009). Social support during childbirth as a catalyst for early breastfeeding initiation for first-time Nigerian mothers. International Breastfeeding Journal, 4(January), 16.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Morse, J. M., Jehle, C., & Gamble, D. (1990). Initiating breastfeeding: A world survey of the timing of postpartum breastfeeding. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 27(3), 303–313.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moussa Abba, A., De Koninck, M., & Hamelin, A.-M. (2010). A qualitative study of the promotion of exclusive breastfeeding by health professionals in Niamey, Niger. International Breastfeeding Journal, 5, 8. https://doi.org/10.1186/1746-4358-5-8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mrisho, M., Schellenberg, J. A., Mushi, A. K., Obrist, B., Mshinda, H., Tanner, M., & Schellenberg, D. (2008). Understanding home-based neonatal care practice in rural southern Tanzania. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 102(July), 669–678. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trstmh.2008.04.029.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Munos, M. K., Mullany, L. C., Maiga, A., Baya, B., & Bryce, J. (2014). Coverage and determinants of newborn feeding practices in rural Burkina Faso. Journal of Perinatology: Official Journal of the California Perinatal Association, 34(5), 369–374. https://doi.org/10.1038/jp.2014.13.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nankunda, J., Tumwine, J. K., Soltvedt, A., Semiyaga, N., Ndeezi, G., & Tylleskar, T. (2006). Community based peer counsellors for support of exclusive breastfeeding: Experiences from rural Uganda. International Breastfeeding Journal, 1, 19. https://doi.org/10.1186/1746-4358-1-19.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Oche, M. O., Umar, A. S., & Ahmed, H. (2011). Knowledge and practice of exclusive breastfeeding in Kware, Nigeria. African Health Sciences, 11(September), 518–523.

    Google Scholar 

  • Penfold, S., Manzi, F., Mkumbo, E., Temu, S., Jaribu, J., Shamba, D. D., Mshinda, H., et al. (2014). Effect of home-based counselling on newborn care practices in southern Tanzania one year after implementation: A cluster-randomised controlled trial. BMC Pediatrics, 14, 187–187. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2431-14-187.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pugh, L. C., Milligan, R. A., Frick, K. D., Spatz, D., & Bronner, Y. (2002). Breastfeeding duration, costs, and benefits of a support program for low-income breastfeeding women. Birth, 29(2), 95–100.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Qureshi, A. M., Oche, O. M., Sadiq, U. A., & Kabiru, S. (2011). Using community volunteers to promote exclusive breastfeeding in Sokoto State, Nigeria. The Pan African Medical Journal, 10, 8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rogers, N. L., Abdi, J., Moore, D., Nd’iangui, S., Smith, L. J., Carlson, A. J., & Carlson, D. (2011). Colostrum avoidance, prelacteal feeding and late breast-feeding initiation in rural Northern Ethiopia. Public Health Nutrition, 14(11), 2029–2036. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1368980011000073.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schellenberg, J. A., Victora, C. G., Mushi, A., de Savigny, D., Schellenberg, D., Mshinda, H., & Bryce, J. (2003). Inequities among the very poor: Health care for children in rural Southern Tanzania. The Lancet, 361(9357), 561–566. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(03)12515-9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Semega-Janneh, I. J., Bohler, E., Holm, H., Matheson, I., & Holmboe-Ottesen, G. (2001). Promoting breastfeeding in rural Gambia: Combining traditional and modern knowledge. Health Policy and Planning, 16(June), 199–205.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Setegn, T., Gerbaba, M., & Belachew, T. (2011). Determinants of timely initiation of breastfeeding among mothers in Goba Woreda, South East Ethiopia: A cross sectional study. BMC Public Health, 11, 217. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-11-217.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Setegn, T., Belachew, T., Gerbaba, M., Deribe, K., Deribew, A., & Biadgilign, S. (2012). Factors associated with exclusive breastfeeding practices among mothers in Goba District, South East Ethiopia: A cross-sectional study. International Breastfeeding Journal, 7(1), 17. https://doi.org/10.1186/1746-4358-7-17.

  • Tamiru, D., Belachew, T., Loha, E., & Mohammed, S. (2012). Sub-optimal breastfeeding of infants during the first six months and associated factors in rural communities of Jimma Arjo Woreda, Southwest Ethiopia. BMC Public Health, 12, 363. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-12-363.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tawiah-Agyemang, C., Kirkwood, B. R., Edmond, K., Bazzano, A., & Hill, Z. (2008). Early initiation of breast-feeding in Ghana: Barriers and facilitators. Journal of Perinatology, 28(S2), S46–S52.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tylleskar, T., Jackson, D., Meda, N., Engebretsen, I. M., Chopra, M., & Diallo, A. H. (2011). Exclusive breastfeeding promotion by peer counsellors in Sub-Saharan Africa (PROMISE-EBF): A cluster-randomised trial. Lancet, 378(9789), 420–427.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • United Nations Children’s Fund. (2011). Statistics by area/child nutrition. http://www.childinfo.org/breastfeeding_progress.html.

  • United Nations Children’s Fund. (2013a). Early initiation of breastfeeding (newborns put to the breast within one hour of birth). Childinfo Monitoring the Situation of Children and Women. http://www.childinfo.org/breastfeeding_initiation.php.

  • United Nations Children’s Fund (first). (2013b). Infant and young child feeding. Childinfo Monitoring the Situation of CHildren and Women. http://www.childinfo.org/breastfeeding_iycf.php.

  • United Nations Children’s Fund. (2017). The state of the world’s children 2017 children in a digital world. New York: UNICEF.

    Google Scholar 

  • Victora, C. G., Fenn, B., Bryce, J., & Kirkwood, B. R. (2005). Co-coverage of preventive interventions and implications for child-survival strategies: Evidence from national surveys. Lancet, 366(9495), 1460–1466. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(05)67599-X.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Waiswa, P., Peterson, S., Tomson, G., & Pariyo, G. W. (2010). Poor newborn care practices – A population based survey in Eastern Uganda. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, 10, 9. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2393-10-9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Waiswa, P., Peterson, S. S., Namazzi, G., Ekirapa, E. K., Naikoba, S., Byaruhanga, R., Kiguli, J., et al. (2012). The Uganda Newborn Study (UNEST): An effectiveness study on improving newborn health and survival in rural Uganda through a community-based intervention linked to health facilities – Study protocol for a cluster randomized controlled trial. Trials, 13, 213. https://doi.org/10.1186/1745-6215-13-213.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • World Health Organization. (2001). The optimal duration of exclusive breastfeeding: Report of an expert consultation. http://www.who.int/nutrition/publications/optimal_duration_of_exc_bfeeding_report_eng.pdf.

  • World Health Organization. (2003). Global strategy for infant and young child feeding. 55th world health assembly. Geneva: World Health Organization.

    Google Scholar 

  • World Health Organization. (2014a). Indicators for the global monitoring framework on maternal, infant and young child nutrition (24 November 2014). http://www.who.int/nutrition/topics/indicators_monitoringframework_miycn_background.pdf?ua=1.

  • World Health Organization. (2014b). Sixty-seventh world health assembly agenda item 14.6 contributing to social and economic development: Sustainable action across sectors to improve health and health equity. Geneva.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yovsi, R. D., & Keller, H. (2003). Breastfeeding: An adaptive process. Ethos, 31(2), 147.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Independent consultant in SBCC-MCH & Nutrition, Issy les Moulineaux, France

    Naoko Horii

Authors
  1. Naoko Horii
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Appendix: Systematic Literature Review on Social Determinants and Program Evaluation Regarding Early Breastfeeding Promotion

Appendix: Systematic Literature Review on Social Determinants and Program Evaluation Regarding Early Breastfeeding Promotion

A systematic literature review was undertaken based on specific criteria of search through peer-reviewed scientific journals in the area of public health, nutrition, and human and social sciences. The search was carried out on the electronic databases listed below:

  • PubMed (MEDLINE)

  • Paris Descartes University search engine including CAIRN, JSTOR

  • Cochrane Review

The following scientific journals were selected to search articles that matched the established criteria for the review:

  • International Journal of Breastfeeding

  • Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior

  • International Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics

  • Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic, and Neonatal Nursing

Given the scarcity of the research subject, the definition of each key factor for the research was broadened to encompass a significant number of eligible studies to make this systematic review as comprehensive as possible. The selection criteria were set up as follows:

  • Publication date: After 1980

  • Study design: Randomized controlled trials (RCT), other prospective studies such as cohort, socio-anthropological, and retrospective cross-sectional studies were also included.

  • Study population: Pregnant women and mothers during the postnatal period within 12 months of delivery were included.

  • Geographical area: Sub-Saharan Africa

  • Keywords: Breastfeeding, Determinants, Vulnerability, Neonatal care, Health behavior

Studies were selected for review if they met, in addition to the above criteria, the following elements:

  • The study design: In addition to randomized controlled trials (RCT), cross-sectional studies undertaken before and after intervention and experimental studies, retrospective or prospective, were also included.

  • The area of study: All studies undertaken in other developing countries than sub-Saharan Africa were also included if the rest of criteria were met.

  • The study outcome: Patterns of breastfeeding during the postpartum period following the delivery were a primary outcome. Any practices related to optimal breastfeeding such as exclusive and continued breastfeeding until 24 months of life were secondary outcomes and also included if the initiation of breastfeeding was addressed in the same study.

  • The type of interventions: Clear description of intervention promoting breastfeeding as a part of the integrated neonatal, infant, and child healthcare; behavior change communication or community-based approaches to breastfeeding promotion; and type of interventions promoting neonatal, infant, and child healthcare.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2019 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Horii, N. (2019). State of the Art of Socio-demographic Approaches to Breastfeeding in Sub-Saharan Africa. In: Breastfeeding in Rural Niger. Demographic Transformation and Socio-Economic Development, vol 12. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-22393-9_3

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-22393-9_3

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-030-22392-2

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-030-22393-9

  • eBook Packages: Social SciencesSocial Sciences (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation