Skip to main content

Validated Questionnaires to Measure Return to Sport and Psychological Factors

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Book cover Return to Sport after ACL Reconstruction and Other Knee Operations

Abstract

This chapter reviews commonly used scales that have been used to rate athletic activities for a variety of knee injuries and disorders. The instruments are analyzed according to their strengths and potential biases as well as their measured reliability, validity, and responsiveness properties.

In addition, several validated questionnaires are provided that may be used to determine an athlete’s psychological status both before surgery and postoperatively. Psychological factors such as fear of reinjury, anxiety, depression, and preoperative stress are common barriers to RTS and overall patient satisfaction after serious knee injuries and operations.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 249.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Ardern CL, Taylor NF, Feller JA, Webster KE. Fear of re-injury in people who have returned to sport following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction surgery. J Sci Med Sport. 2012;15(6):488–95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2012.03.015.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Ardern CL, Taylor NF, Feller JA, Whitehead TS, Webster KE. Psychological responses matter in returning to preinjury level of sport after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction surgery. Am J Sports Med. 2013;41(7):1549–58. https://doi.org/10.1177/0363546513489284.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Ardern CL, Osterberg A, Tagesson S, Gauffin H, Webster KE, Kvist J. The impact of psychological readiness to return to sport and recreational activities after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Br J Sports Med. 2014;48(22):1613–9. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2014-093842.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Ardern CL. Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction-not exactly a one-way ticket back to the preinjury level: a review of contextual factors affecting return to sport after surgery. Sports Health. 2015;7(3):224–30. https://doi.org/10.1177/1941738115578131.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  5. Christino MA, Fantry AJ, Vopat BG. Psychological aspects of recovery following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2015;23(8):501–9. https://doi.org/10.5435/JAAOS-D-14-00173.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Everhart JS, Best TM, Flanigan DC. Psychological predictors of anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction outcomes: a systematic review. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2015;23(3):752–62. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00167-013-2699-1.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Flanigan DC, Everhart JS, Pedroza A, Smith T, Kaeding CC. Fear of reinjury (kinesiophobia) and persistent knee symptoms are common factors for lack of return to sport after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Arthroscopy. 2013;29(8):1322–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arthro.2013.05.015.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Hsu CJ, Meierbachtol A, George SZ, Chmielewski TL. Fear of reinjury in athletes. Sports Health. 2017;9(2):162–7. https://doi.org/10.1177/1941738116666813.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Lentz TA, Zeppieri G Jr, George SZ, Tillman SM, Moser MW, Farmer KW, Chmielewski TL. Comparison of physical impairment, functional, and psychosocial measures based on fear of reinjury/lack of confidence and return-to-sport status after ACL reconstruction. Am J Sports Med. 2015;43(2):345–53. https://doi.org/10.1177/0363546514559707.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Podlog L, Heil J, Schulte S. Psychosocial factors in sports injury rehabilitation and return to play. Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am. 2014;25(4):915–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmr.2014.06.011.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Rosso F, Bonasia DE, Cottino U, Cambursano S, Dettoni F, Rossi R. Factors affecting subjective and objective outcomes and return to play in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: a retrospective cohort study. Joints. 2018;6(1):23–32. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1636931.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  12. Sonesson S, Kvist J, Ardern C, Osterberg A, Silbernagel KG. Psychological factors are important to return to pre-injury sport activity after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: expect and motivate to satisfy. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2017;25(5):1375–84. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00167-016-4294-8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Noyes FR, Barber SD, Mangine RE. Bone-patellar ligament-bone and fascia lata allografts for reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament. J Bone Joint Surg. 1990;72(8):1125–36.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Barber-Westin SD, Noyes FR, McCloskey JW. Rigorous statistical reliability, validity, and responsiveness testing of the Cincinnati knee rating system in 350 subjects with uninjured, injured, or anterior cruciate ligament-reconstructed knees. Am J Sports Med. 1999;27(4):402–16.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Marx RG, Jones EC, Allen AA, Altchek DW, O'Brien SJ, Rodeo SA, Williams RJ, Warren RF, Wickiewicz TL. Reliability, validity, and responsiveness of four knee outcome scales for athletic patients. J Bone Joint Surg. 2001;83-A(10):1459–69.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Greco NJ, Anderson AF, Mann BJ, Cole BJ, Farr J, Nissen CW, Irrgang JJ. Responsiveness of the International Knee Documentation Committee Subjective Knee form in comparison to the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index, modified Cincinnati knee rating system, and short form 36 in patients with focal articular cartilage defects. Am J Sports Med. 2010;38(5):891–902. https://doi.org/10.1177/0363546509354163.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Noyes FR, Barber SD, Mooar LA. A rationale for assessing sports activity levels and limitations in knee disorders. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1989;246:238–49.

    Google Scholar 

  18. Hopper DM, Goh SC, Wentworth LA, Chan DYK, Chau JHW, Wootton GJ, Strauss GR, Boyle JJ. Test-retest reliability of knee rating scales and functional hop tests one year following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Phys Ther Sport. 2002;3:10–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Letchford R, Sparkes V, van Deursen RW. Assessing participation in the ACL injured population: selecting a patient reported outcome measure on the basis of measurement properties. Knee. 2015;22(3):262–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.knee.2015.01.010.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Risberg MA, Holm I, Steen H, Beynnon BD. Sensitivity to changes over time for the IKDC form, the Lysholm score, and the Cincinnati knee score. A prospective study of 120 ACL reconstructed patients with a 2-year follow-up. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 1999;7:152–9.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Tegner Y, Lysholm J. Rating systems in the evaluation of knee ligament injuries. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1985;198(198):43–9.

    Google Scholar 

  22. Briggs KK, Kocher MS, Rodkey WG, Steadman JR. Reliability, validity, and responsiveness of the Lysholm knee score and Tegner activity scale for patients with meniscal injury of the knee. J Bone Joint Surg. 2006;88(4):698–705.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Paxton EW, Fithian DC, Stone ML, Silva P. The reliability and validity of knee-specific and general health instruments in assessing acute patellar dislocation outcomes. Am J Sports Med. 2003;31(4):487–92.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Briggs KK, Lysholm J, Tegner Y, Rodkey WG, Kocher MS, Steadman JR. The reliability, validity, and responsiveness of the Lysholm score and Tegner activity scale for anterior cruciate ligament injuries of the knee: 25 years later. Am J Sports Med. 2009;37(5):890–7. https://doi.org/10.1177/0363546508330143.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Ebert JR, Smith A, Wood DJ, Ackland TR. A comparison of the responsiveness of 4 commonly used patient-reported outcome instruments at 5 years after matrix-induced autologous chondrocyte implantation. Am J Sports Med. 2013;41(12):2791–9. https://doi.org/10.1177/0363546513502314.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Naal FD, Impellizzeri FM, Leunig M. Which is the best activity rating scale for patients undergoing total joint arthroplasty? Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2009;467(4):958–65. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11999-008-0358-5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Zahiri CA, Schmalzried TP, Szuszczewicz ES, Amstutz HC. Assessing activity in joint replacement patients. J Arthroplast. 1998;13(8):890–5.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Marx RG, Stump TJ, Jones EC, Wickiewicz TL, Warren RF. Development and evaluation of an activity rating scale for disorders of the knee. Am J Sports Med. 2001;29(2):213–8.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Craig CL, Marshall AL, Sjostrom M, Bauman AE, Booth ML, Ainsworth BE, Pratt M, Ekelund U, Yngve A, Sallis JF, Oja P. International physical activity questionnaire: 12-country reliability and validity. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2003;35(8):1381–95. https://doi.org/10.1249/01.MSS.0000078924.61453.FB.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Hefti F, Muller W, Jakob RP, Staubli HU. Evaluation of knee ligament injuries with the IKDC form. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 1993;1(3-4):226–34.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Irrgang JJ, Anderson AF, Boland AL, Harner CD, Kurosaka M, Neyret P, Richmond JC, Shelborne KD. Development and validation of the international knee documentation committee subjective knee form. Am J Sports Med. 2001;29(5):600–13.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Irrgang JJ, Anderson AF, Boland AL, Harner CD, Neyret P, Richmond JC, Shelbourne KD. Responsiveness of the international knee documentation committee subjective knee form. Am J Sports Med. 2006;34(10):1567–73.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. Webster KE, Feller JA, Lambros C. Development and preliminary validation of a scale to measure the psychological impact of returning to sport following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction surgery. Phys Ther Sport. 2008;9(1):9–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ptsp.2007.09.003.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Jia ZY, Cui J, Wang W, Xue CC, Liu TZ, Huang X, Xu WD. Translation and validation of the simplified Chinese version of the anterior cruciate ligament-return to sport after injury (ACL-RSI). Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2018;26(10):2997–3003. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00167-018-4850-5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Silva LO, Mendes LMR, Lima POP, Almeida GPL. Translation, cross-adaptation and measurement properties of the Brazilian version of the ACL-RSI Scale and ACL-QoL Questionnaire in patients with anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Braz J Phys Ther. 2018;22(2):127–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bjpt.2017.09.006.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Harput G, Tok D, Ulusoy B, Eraslan L, Yildiz TI, Turgut E, Demirci S, Duzgun I, Tunay VB, Baltaci G, Ergun N. Translation and cross-cultural adaptation of the anterior cruciate ligament-return to sport after injury (ACL-RSI) scale into Turkish. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2017;25(1):159–64. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00167-016-4288-6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Slagers AJ, Reininga IH, van den Akker-Scheek I. The Dutch language anterior cruciate ligament return to sport after injury scale (ACL-RSI) - validity and reliability. J Sports Sci. 2017;35(4):393–401. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2016.1167230.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Bohu Y, Klouche S, Lefevre N, Webster K, Herman S. Translation, cross-cultural adaptation and validation of the French version of the anterior cruciate ligament-return to sport after injury (ACL-RSI) scale. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2015;23(4):1192–6. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00167-014-2942-4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Kvist J, Osterberg A, Gauffin H, Tagesson S, Webster K, Ardern C. Translation and measurement properties of the Swedish version of ACL-return to sports after injury questionnaire. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2013;23(5):568–75. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0838.2011.01438.x.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Webster KE, Feller JA. Development and validation of a short version of the anterior cruciate ligament return to sport after injury (ACL-RSI) scale. Orthop J Sports Med. 2018;6(4):2325967118763763. https://doi.org/10.1177/2325967118763763.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  41. Kvist J, Ek A, Sporrstedt K, Good L. Fear of re-injury: a hindrance for returning to sports after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2005;13(5):393–7. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00167-004-0591-8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Vlaeyen JW, Kole-Snijders AM, Boeren RG, van Eek H. Fear of movement/(re)injury in chronic low back pain and its relation to behavioral performance. Pain. 1995;62(3):363–72.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. French DJ, France CR, Vigneau F, French JA, Evans RT. Fear of movement/(re)injury in chronic pain: a psychometric assessment of the original English version of the Tampa scale for kinesiophobia (TSK). Pain. 2007;127(1):42–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pain.2006.07.016.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Lundberg MKE, Styf J, Carlsson SG. A psychometric evaluation of the Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia — from a physiotherapeutic perspective. Physiother Theory Pract. 2004;20(2):121–33. https://doi.org/10.1080/09593980490453002.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  45. Roelofs J, Goubert L, Peters ML, Vlaeyen J, Crombez G. The Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia: further examination of psychometric properties in patients with chronic low back pain and fibromyalgia. Eur J Pain. 2004;8(5):495–502. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpain.2003.11.016.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Swinkels-Meewisse EJCM, Swinkels RAHM, Verbeek ALM, Vlaeyen JWS, Oostendorp RAB. Psychometric properties of the Tampa Scale for kinesiophobia and the fear-avoidance beliefs questionnaire in acute low back pain. Man Ther. 2003;8(1):29–36. https://doi.org/10.1054/math.2002.0484.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Woby SR, Roach NK, Urmston M, Watson PJ. Psychometric properties of the TSK-11: a shortened version of the Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia. Pain. 2005;117(1-2):137–44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pain.2005.05.029.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Tkachuk GA, Harris CA. Psychometric properties of the Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia-11 (TSK-11). J Pain. 2012;13(10):970–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpain.2012.07.001.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. de Souza FS, da Silva Marinho C, Siqueira FB, Maher CG, Costa LOP. Psychometric testing confirms that the Brazilian-Portuguese adaptations, the original versions of the fear-avoidance beliefs questionnaire, and the Tampa Scale of Kinesiophobia have similar measurement properties. Spine. 2008;33(9):1028–33. https://doi.org/10.1097/BRS.0b013e31816c8329.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Bunketorp L, Carlsson J, Kowalski J, Stener-Victorin E. Evaluating the reliability of multi-item scales: a non-parametric approach to the ordered categorical structure of data collected with the Swedish version of the Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia and the self-efficacy scale. J Rehabil Med. 2005;37(5):330.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  51. Gómez-Pérez L, López-Martínez AE, Ruiz-Párraga GT. Psychometric properties of the Spanish version of the Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia (TSK). J Pain. 2010;12(4):425–35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpain.2010.08.004.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  52. Haugen AJ, Grøvle L, Keller A, Grotle M. Cross-cultural adaptation and validation of the Norwegian version of the Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia. Spine. 2008;33(17):E595–601. https://doi.org/10.1097/BRS.0b013e31817c6c4b.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Rusu AC, Kreddig N, Hallner D, Hülsebusch J, Hasenbring MI. Fear of movement/(re)injury in low back pain: confirmatory validation of a German version of the Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2014;15(1):280. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2474-15-280.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  54. Wong WS, Kwok HY, Luk KD, Chow YF, Mak KH, Tam BK, Wong ET, Fielding R. Fear of movement/(re) injury in Chinese patients with chronic pain: factorial validity of the Chinese version of the Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia. J Rehabil Med. 2010;42(7):620–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  55. Askary-Ashtiani A, Ebrahimi-Takamejani I, Torkaman G, Amiri M, Mousavi SJ. Reliability and validity of the Persian versions of the fear avoidance beliefs questionnaire and Tampa Scale of Kinesiophobia in patients with neck pain. Spine. 2014;39(18):E1095–102.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  56. Monticone M, Giorgi I, Baiardi P, Barbieri M, Rocca B, Bonezzi C. Development of the Italian version of the Tampa Scale of Kinesiophobia (TSK-I): cross-cultural adaptation, factor analysis, reliability, and validity. Spine. 2010;35(12):1241–6. https://doi.org/10.1097/BRS.0b013e3181bfcbf6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Thomee P, Wahrborg P, Borjesson M, Thomee R, Eriksson BI, Karlsson J. A new instrument for measuring self-efficacy in patients with an anterior cruciate ligament injury. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2006;16(3):181–7.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Thomee P, Wahrborg P, Borjesson M, Thomee R, Eriksson BI, Karlsson J. Self-efficacy, symptoms and physical activity in patients with an anterior cruciate ligament injury: a prospective study. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2007;17(3):238–45. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0838.2006.00557.x.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Thomee P, Wahrborg P, Borjesson M, Thomee R, Eriksson BI, Karlsson J. Self-efficacy of knee function as a pre-operative predictor of outcome 1 year after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2008;16(2):118–27. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00167-007-0433-6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Ardern CL, Osterberg A, Sonesson S, Gauffin H, Webster KE, Kvist J. Satisfaction with knee function after primary anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction is associated with self-efficacy, quality of life, and returning to the preinjury physical activity. Arthroscopy. 2016;32(8):1631–1638.e1633. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arthro.2016.01.035.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Glazer DD. Development and preliminary validation of the injury-psychological readiness to return to sport (I-PRRS) scale. J Athl Train. 2009;44(2):185–9. https://doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-44.2.185.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  62. Podlog L, Gao Z, Kenow L, Kleinert J, Granquist M, Newton M, Hannon J. Injury rehabilitation overadherence: preliminary scale validation and relationships with athletic identity and self-presentation concerns. J Athl Train. 2013;48(3):372–81. https://doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-48.2.20.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  63. Walker N, Thatcher J, Lavallee D. A preliminary development of the Re-Injury Anxiety Inventory (RIAI). Phys Ther Sport. 2010;11(1):23–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ptsp.2009.09.003.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Rush AJ, Trivedi MH, Ibrahim HM, Carmody TJ, Arnow B, Klein DN, Markowitz JC, Ninan PT, Kornstein S, Manber R, Thase ME, Kocsis JH, Keller MB. The 16-item quick inventory of depressive symptomatology (QIDS), clinician rating (QIDS-C), and self-report (QIDS-SR): a psychometric evaluation in patients with chronic major depression. Biol Psychiatry. 2003;54(5):573–83.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  65. Trivedi MH, Rush AJ, Ibrahim HM, Carmody TJ, Biggs MM, Suppes T, Crismon ML, Shores-Wilson K, Toprac MG, Dennehy EB, Witte B, Kashner TM. The inventory of depressive symptomatology, clinician rating (IDS-C) and self-report (IDS-SR), and the quick inventory of depressive symptomatology, clinician rating (QIDS-C) and self-report (QIDS-SR) in public sector patients with mood disorders: a psychometric evaluation. Psychol Med. 2004;34(1):73–82.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Bernstein IH, Rush AJ, Trivedi MH, Hughes CW, Macleod L, Witte BP, Jain S, Mayes TL, Emslie GJ. Psychometric properties of the quick inventory of depressive symptomatology in adolescents. Int J Methods Psychiatr Res. 2010;19(4):185–94. https://doi.org/10.1002/mpr.321.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  67. Reilly TJ, MacGillivray SA, Reid IC, Cameron IM. Psychometric properties of the 16-item quick inventory of depressive symptomatology: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Psychiatr Res. 2015;60:132–40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2014.09.008.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Wallston KA, Stein MJ, Smith CA. Form C of the MHLC scales: a condition-specific measure of locus of control. J Pers Assess. 1994;63(3):534–53. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa6303_10.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Castarlenas E, Sole E, Racine M, Sanchez-Rodriguez E, Jensen MP, Miro J. Locus of control and pain: validity of the form C of the multidimensional health locus of control scales when used with adolescents. J Health Psychol. 2016;23(14):1853–62. https://doi.org/10.1177/1359105316669860.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Baken D, Stephens C. More dimensions for the multidimensional health locus of control: confirmatory factor analysis of competing models of the structure of control beliefs. J Health Psychol. 2005;10(5):643–56. https://doi.org/10.1177/1359105305055310.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Hubley AM, Wagner S. Using alternative forms of the multidimensional health locus of control scale: caveat emptor. Soc Indic Res. 2004;65:167–86.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  72. Wallston KA. The validity of the multidimensional health locus of control scales. J Health Psychol. 2005;10(5):623–31. https://doi.org/10.1177/1359105305055304.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Ross TP, Ross LT, Short SD, Cataldo S. The multidimensional health locus of control scale: psychometric properties and form equivalence. Psychol Rep. 2015;116(3):889–913. https://doi.org/10.2466/09.02.PR0.116k29w3.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Spielberger C, Gorsuch R, Lushene R, Vagg P, Jacobs G. Manual for the state-trait anxiety inventory. Palo Alto: Consulting Psychologists Press; 1983.

    Google Scholar 

  75. McDowell I. Measuring health: a guide to rating scales and questionnaires. 3rd ed. New York: Oxford University Press; 2006.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  76. Balsamo M, Romanelli R, Innamorati M, Ciccarese G, Carlucci L, Saggino A. The state-trait anxiety inventory: shadows and lights on its construct validity. J Psychopathol Behav Assess. 2013;35(1):475–86. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10862-013-9354-5.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  77. Noyes FR, Barber-Westin SD. A comparison of results in acute and chronic anterior cruciate ligament ruptures of arthroscopically assisted autogenous patellar tendon reconstruction. Am J Sports Med. 1997;25(4):460–71.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Murphy GC, Foreman PE, Simpson CA, Molloy GN, Molloy EK. The development of a locus of control measure predictive of injured athletes’ adherence to treatment. J Sci Med Sport. 1999;2(2):145–52.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Sue Barber-Westin .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2019 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Barber-Westin, S., Noyes, F.R. (2019). Validated Questionnaires to Measure Return to Sport and Psychological Factors. In: Noyes, F., Barber-Westin, S. (eds) Return to Sport after ACL Reconstruction and Other Knee Operations. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-22361-8_23

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-22361-8_23

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-030-22360-1

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-030-22361-8

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics