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Henrietta Maria, “Queen of Tears”?: Picturing and Performing the Cavalier Queen

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Remembering Queens and Kings of Early Modern England and France

Part of the book series: Queenship and Power ((QAP))

Abstract

This chapter considers the historical reputation of Queen Henrietta Maria, particularly the crucially intertwined nature of emotional appeal and visual iconography in her (national and international) posthumous imagery over the centuries since her life. Taking three different aspects of her afterlife—her loving marriage, her condemnation as a malign influence over her husband Charles I, and the tragedy of her life after his deposition and execution in 1649—it argues that emotion and image combine in these intensely human moments that resonate in subsequent culture. Looking again at a wide range of source material, from historical pageants to painting, fiction to Victorian stage melodrama, it traces how these emotional engagements with the past continue to reinterpret and reshape popular discourses around Henrietta Maria.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Edward Hyde, Life of Edward, Earl of Clarendon, (Oxford: Clarendon Printing House, 1759), 79.

  2. 2.

    C. V. Wedgwood, The King’s Peace 1637–1641, (London: Folio Society, 2001), 70.

  3. 3.

    Michelle Anne White, Henrietta Maria and the English Civil Wars, Aldershot: Ashgate, 2006. Carolyn Harris, Queenship and Revolution in Early Modern Europe: Henrietta Maria and Marie Antoinette, (London: Springer, 2016). Susan Dunn-Hensley, Anna of Denmark and Henrietta Maria: Virgins, Witches and Catholic Queens, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2017, p. 227.

  4. 4.

    See, for example, Kamille Stone Stanton, “An Amazonian Heroickess”: The Military Leadership of Queen Henrietta Maria in Margaret Cavendish’s Bell in Campo (1662)’, Early Theatre, 10:2, (2007): 71–86; Rachel Willie, Staging the Revolution: Drama, Reinvention and History 1647–72, Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2015; Anna-Marie Linnell, Writing the Royal Consort in Stuart England, PhD Thesis, University of Exeter, 2016.

  5. 5.

    Linnell, Writing the Royal Consort, 135.

  6. 6.

    Laura Lunger Knoppers, “Politicizing Domesticity from Henrietta Maria to Milton’s Eve,” (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011); Laura Lunger Knoppers, “Cultural Legacies: The English Revolution in Nineteenth-Century British and French Literature and Art” in Michael J. Braddick [ed.], The Oxford Handbook of the English Revolution, (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2015), 536; Catriona Murray, Imagining Stuart Family Politics: Dynastic Crisis and Continuity, (London: Routledge, 2017).

  7. 7.

    Roy Strong, And when did you last see your father? The Victorian Painter and British History, (London: Thames and Hudson, 1978); Edward Morris and Frank Milner, “And When Did You Last See Your Father?”: The Painting, Its Background, and Fame, (Liverpool: National Museums and Galleries on Merseyside, 1992); and Helen Bennett, Van Dyck in Check Trousers: Fancy Dress in Art and Life 1700–1900, (Edinburgh: Scottish National Portrait Gallery, 1978); Laura Lunger Knoppers, “Cultural Legacies: The English Revolution in Nineteenth-Century British and French Literature and Art,” in Michael J. Braddick [ed.], The Oxford Handbook of the English Revolution, (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2015); “Revolutions Compared: The English Civil War as Political Touchstone in Romantic Literature,” in Hanley, Keith, and Selden, Raman [eds.], Revolution and English Romanticism: Politics and Rhetoric, (New York: St Martin’s Press, 1990); Kenneth Johnston and Joseph Nicholes, “Transitory Actions, Men Betrayed: The French Revolutionin Romantic Drama” in Hoagwood, Terence Allan and Watkins, Daniel P., British Romantic Drama: Historical and Critical Essays, (London: Associated Press, 1998).

  8. 8.

    Anon., Amazon Review of Cromwell DVD, https://www.amazon.co.uk/Cromwell-DVD-Richard-Harris/product-reviews/B0000BV1K5/ref=cm_cr_getr_d_paging_btm_17?ie=UTF8&reviewerType=all_reviews&pageNumber=17 accessed April 14 2018.

  9. 9.

    Maurice Colborne, Charles the King: A Chronicle Play, (London: Samuel French, 1937), 13, 28.

  10. 10.

    Francis P. Wilson, “That Memorable Scene”: The Image of King Charles the First in Seventeenth and Eighteenth-Century Literature, PhD Thesis, University of York (1993), 300–302.

  11. 11.

    Edmund Ludlow, Memoirs of Edmund Ludlow, Volume III, (London: Publisher Unknown, 1720), 96, 224.

  12. 12.

    Mary Anne Everett Green [ed.], Letters of Queen Henrietta Maria, (London: Richard Bentley, 1857).

  13. 13.

    Newcastle Journal, “Charles I and his Queen Henrietta Maria,” Saturday 24 January 1857.

  14. 14.

    Sarah Tytler, “A Young Oxford Maid: (In the Days of the King and the Parliament),” Girl’s Own Paper, 13th April 1889, 460.

  15. 15.

    Elinor M. Brent-Dyer, Elizabeth the Gallant, (Modern Edition, Bath: Girls Gone By, 2006), 5.

  16. 16.

    Tytler, “Young Oxford Maid,” p. 460. Agnes Strickland, Lives of the Queens of England, (Philadelphia: Blanchard and Lea, 1852), 10; Frances Copeland Stickles, A Crown for Henrietta Maria: Maryland’s Namesake Queen, (Lanham, Maryland: Maryland Historical Press, 1988), 23; Jean Plaidy, Loyal in Love: Henrietta Maria, Wife of Charles I, New York: Three Rivers Press, 1983; Austin Brereton, The Lyceum and Henry Irving, (London: Lawrence and Bullen, 1903), 182; “The New Play at the Lyceum Theatre,” The Spectator, October 12 1872; Colbourne, Charles the King, 24.

  17. 17.

    Angela Bartie, Paul Caton, Linda Fleming, Mark Freeman, Tom Hulme, Alex Hutton and Paul Readman, The Redress of the Past, http://www.historicalpageants.ac.uk/pageants/

  18. 18.

    Aberdeen Press and Journal, “Stirring Pageant of Parliament,” Saturday 30 June 1934, 7.

  19. 19.

    Walter Creighton, Pageant of Parliament, (London: Fleetway Press, 1934), 23–24.

  20. 20.

    The Sphere, “The World of Books,” Saturday 23 November 1940, 254.

  21. 21.

    Brent-Dyer, Elizabeth the Gallant, 62.

  22. 22.

    The Sphere, “The World of Books,” 254.

  23. 23.

    Tytler, “A Young Oxford Maid,” 460. Katie Whitaker, A Royal Passion: The Turbulent Marriage of Charles I and Henrietta Maria, (London: Weidenfeld and Nicholson, 2010), xviii–xix.

  24. 24.

    White, Queenship and Revolution, Knoppers, “Cultural Legacies.”

  25. 25.

    Strong, And When Did You Last See Your Father?, 154; Martin Meisel, Realizations: Narrative, Pictorial and Theatrical Arts in Nineteenth-Century England, Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey, 1983.

  26. 26.

    Knoppers, “Politicizing Domesticity from Henrietta Maria to Milton’s Eve,” Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011, 1–16.

  27. 27.

    Jean Plaidy, Loyal in Love; Fiona Mountain, Cavalier Queen, (London: Arrow Books, 2012).

  28. 28.

    Carl Schoettler, “A Royal State of Affairs,” The Baltimore Sun, 25th March 1998.

  29. 29.

    Frances Copeland Stickles, A Crown for Henrietta Maria: Maryland’s Namesake Queen, Lanham, Maryland: Maryland Historical Press, 1988, 73.

  30. 30.

    Adelyn Dohme Breeskin, Catalogue of the Paintings in the State House at Annapolis Maryland, 1934. Available Online at http://msa.maryland.gov/megafile/msa/stagsere/se1/se14/000027/html/hesitant_revolut/msa/speccol/sc1500/sc1545/e_catalog_2002/1934catalog.html, accessed March 1 2018.

  31. 31.

    I am grateful for all information about the “Cavalcade” series and exhibition, including Mansfield’s painting descriptions, to the archives of the MdHS and particularly for the assistance and research of MdHS volunteer, Elizabeth Nilson.

  32. 32.

    Ibid.

  33. 33.

    Breeskin, Catalogue of the Paintings.

  34. 34.

    The Annapolis Collection: A Wealth of Maryland History. http://msa.maryland.gov/megafile/msa/stagsere/se1/se14/000027/html/hesitant_revolut/msa/speccol/sc1500/sc1545/e_catalog_2002/georgi.html, accessed March 2 2018.

  35. 35.

    H.L. Motter [ed.], The International Who’s Who: Who’s Who in the World 1912, New York: William G. Hewitt Press, 1912, 727.

  36. 36.

    Louis Napoleon Parker, The Dover Pageant July 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, August 1, 1908, Dover: Grigg and Son, 1908, 50–67.

  37. 37.

    Parker, The Dover Pagent, 67.

  38. 38.

    Parker, The Dover Pagent, 63.

  39. 39.

    Strickland, Lives of the Queens, 11–15; Plaidy, Loyal in Love, 45–46.

  40. 40.

    Whitstable Times and Hearne Bay Herald, “The Dover Pageant,” Saturday 25 July 1908. 7; Parker, The Dover Pageant, 64–67.

  41. 41.

    Parker, The Dover Pageant, 64–67.

  42. 42.

    The Times, “The Coming Dover Pageant,” Thursday 9 July 1908; Yorkshire Post and Leeds Intelligencer, “The Dover Pageant,” Tuesday 28 July 1908, 9.

  43. 43.

    The Sphere, “In the Old Days When We Fought the Dons,” Saturday 09 July 1910, 33.

  44. 44.

    The Sphere, “In the Old Days,” 33.

  45. 45.

    Diane Russcol, “Images of Charles I and Henrietta-Maria in French art, ca. 1815–1855,” Arts Magazine, 62 (1988), 46–47.

  46. 46.

    Maurice Colborne, Charles the King: A Chronicle Play, (London: Samuel French, 1937), 24.

  47. 47.

    Strong, And When Did You Last See Your Father, 11; Christopher Wood, “Realist or Romantic – Narrative Choices in Victorian Art,” in Carolyn Hill [ed.], Artist as Narrator: Nineteenth Century Narrative Art in England and France, Oklahoma City: Oklahoma City Museum, 9–10.

  48. 48.

    Frederick Goodall, The Reminiscences of Frederick Goodall, R.A. (London: The Walter Scott Publishing Co. Ltd., 1902), 34, 330.

  49. 49.

    Frederick Goodall, The Reminiscences of Frederick Goodall, R.A., 34–35, 330–331, 381; Madeleine Bingham, Henry Irving and the Victorian Theatre (London: George Allen and Unwin, 1978), 93.

  50. 50.

    Bingham, Henry Irving, 1978, 93; Jeffrey Richards, Sir Henry Irving: A Victorian Actor and His World, Hambledon and London, London and New York, 2005, 331; Martin Meisel, Realizations: Narrative, Pictorial and Theatrical Arts in Nineteenth-Century England, Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey, 1983, 240. W. G. Wills, Charles the First: An Historical Tragedy in Four Acts, (William Blackwood and Sons, Edinburgh and London, 1873), 28–29.

  51. 51.

    Wills, Charles the First, 28–29.

  52. 52.

    Wills, Charles the First, 29.

  53. 53.

    Bingham, Henry Irving, p. 94; Helen Walter, “Van Dyck in Action”: Dressing Charles I for the Victorian Stage’, Costume, 47:2, (2013): 161–179.

  54. 54.

    Parker, The Dover Pageant, 50.

  55. 55.

    Parker, The Dover Pageant, 54.

  56. 56.

    Belfast Newsletter, “Historic Pageant at Fountains Abbey,” Thursday 20 August 1908, 7; Yorkshire Gazette, “Historic Pageant at Ripon,” Saturday 22 August 1908, 5.

  57. 57.

    The Stage, “London’s Pageant,” Thursday 9 January 1908, 15.

  58. 58.

    Lawrence Housman et al., The Oxford Historical Pageant June 27–July 3 1907 Book of Words (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1907), 105.

  59. 59.

    The Sphere, “London’s Pageant,” 15.

  60. 60.

    The Sphere, “A Charming Scene From the Oxford Pageant,” Saturday 29 June 1907, 289.

  61. 61.

    Housman et al., The Oxford Historical Pageant, 109.

  62. 62.

    The Sphere, “London’s Pageant,” 15.

  63. 63.

    Edward Morris, “Catalogue of paintings drawings and photographs” in Morris, Edward, and Milner, Frank, “And When Did You Last See Your Father?”: The Painting, Its Background, and Fame (Liverpool: National Museums and Galleries on Merseyside, 1992), 49.

  64. 64.

    White, Henrietta Maria and the English Civil Wars, 2–3.

  65. 65.

    Bingham, Henry Irving, 93–94.

  66. 66.

    Nottingham Evening Post, “Dame Ellen Terry: Passing of a Famous Actress,” Saturday 21 July 1928, 6.

  67. 67.

    Kimberly Rhodes, Ophelia and Victorian Visual Culture: Representing Body Politics in the Nineteenth Century, Aldershot: Ashgate, 2008, 143; Ellen Terry, The Story of My Life: Recollections and Reflections (New York: Doubleday, 1908), 181.

  68. 68.

    Rhodes, Ophelia and Victorian Visual Culture, 144–145.

  69. 69.

    Terry, The Story of My Life, 234, 258; Charles Hiatt, Ellen Terry and her impersonations: An Appreciation (London: G. Bell, 1899), 126–127.

  70. 70.

    Rosalind K. Marshall, Henrietta Maria, The Intrepid Queen (Owings Mills, Maryland: Stemmer House Publishers, 1991); Henrietta Maria: Charles I’s Indomitable Queen (London: Sutton, 2001).

  71. 71.

    Terry, The Story of My Life, 179–181; Hiatt, Ellen Terry, 126.

  72. 72.

    Strong, And When Did You Last See Your Father?, 136–151; Wright, Painting and History, 99–103.

  73. 73.

    Geoffrey Cubitt, “The Political Uses of Seventeenth-Century English History in Bourbon Restoration France,” The Historical Journal, 50:1, (2007), 76.

  74. 74.

    Cubitt, “The Political Uses of Seventeenth-Century English History”; Ruscol “Images of Charles I and Henrietta-Maria”; Wright, Painting and History, 77–120.

  75. 75.

    David A. Bell, The Cult of the Nation in France: Inventing Nationalism, 1680–1800, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA: Harvard University Press, 2001, 30; Nadia Tscherny and Guy Stair Sainty, Romance and Chivalry: History and Literature Reflected in Early Nineteenth-Century French Painting (New York: Matthiesen Gallery and Stair Sainty Matthiesen, 1996).

  76. 76.

    Strickland, Lives of the Queens, 5–60; Francois Chateaubriand, Les Quatre Stuarts, Paris: Gabriel Roux, 1857, 94–5.

  77. 77.

    Jacques-Arsene-Francois Polcarpe Ancelot, Tête Rondes et Cavaliers: Drame Historique en Trois Actes, (Paris, 1833), 20. For another example of this, see also Alexandre Dumas, Twenty Years After, London: Wordsworth, Wordsworth Classics Edition, 2009, 285, 287, 295.

  78. 78.

    Herbert Weinstock, Vincenzo Bellini: His Life and His Operas (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1964), 163–164, 311–327.

  79. 79.

    Strickland, Lives of the Queen of England, 6–33.

  80. 80.

    Will, Charles the First, 17.

  81. 81.

    Dumas, Twenty Years After, 319.

  82. 82.

    Dumas, Twenty Years After, 285, 287, 292, 295–6, 298.

  83. 83.

    Dumas, Twenty Years After, 284, 587.

  84. 84.

    Joy Thompson, “The Watery Maze: A Pageant for Exeter,” paper given at History in the Limelight: Performing the Past c.1850 to Present, at UCL Institute of Education. Exeter and Plymouth Gazette, “Exeter Pageant,” Friday 24 June 1932, 7.

  85. 85.

    Ouest France website, https://www.ouest-france.fr/bretagne/vannes-56000/henriette-de-france-reine-des-fetes-historiques-5532291, Accessed 2nd March 2018.

  86. 86.

    Sarah Betts, “Power and Passion: Seventeenth-Century Masculinities Dramatized on the BBC in the Twenty-First Century,” in Katherine Byrne, Julie Anne Taddeo and James Leggott [eds.], Conflicting Masculinities: Men in Television Period Drama, (London: I.B. Taurus, 2018), 72–73.

  87. 87.

    See, for example, Whitaker, A Royal Passion, xviii–xix.

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    Sarah Betts

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    Estelle Paranque

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Betts, S. (2019). Henrietta Maria, “Queen of Tears”?: Picturing and Performing the Cavalier Queen. In: Paranque, E. (eds) Remembering Queens and Kings of Early Modern England and France. Queenship and Power. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-22344-1_9

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