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Cities of Exclusion: Are Local Authorities Refusing Asylum Seekers?

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Part of the book series: Migration, Diasporas and Citizenship ((MDC))

Abstract

The chapter examines the public discourse and the administrative acts carried out by local institutions in front of the arrival of asylum seekers in their territories, with a specific attention to what happened since 2016, when a national allocation plan required all 8000 Italian municipalities to do their part. The different sets of arguments raised in refusing asylum seekers have been clustered in six different categories: Nationalistic arguments; securitarian arguments; assumptive arguments; utilitarian arguments; bureaucratic arguments; and paternalistic arguments. The widespread effect is to turn asylum and reception into a key political issue, even more sensitive at a local level, since it can easily be connected to personal safety and security of local citizens.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Cf. www.sprar.it.

  2. 2.

    Legislative Decree 142/2015 “Implementation of Directive 2013/33/EU on standards for the reception of asylum applicants and the Directive 2013/32/EU on common procedures for the recognition and revocation of the status of international protection”; see also Conferenza unificata Stato-Regione, 10 July 2014; “Circolare Morcone”, 17 December 2014, n. 14906.

  3. 3.

    Ministry of the Interior Decree of August 10, 2016 “Modalità di accesso da parte degli enti locali ai finanziamenti del Fondo nazionale per le politiche ed i servizi dell’asilo per la predisposizione dei servizi di accoglienza per i richiedenti e i beneficiari di protezione internazionale e per i titolari del permesso umanitario, nonché approvazione delle linee guida per il funzionamento del Sistema di protezione per richiedenti asilo e rifugiati (SPRAR)”, (16A06366) (GU Serie Generale n.200 del 27-8-2016), www.gazzettaufficiale.it/eli/id/2016/08/27/16A06366/sg.

  4. 4.

    Ministry of the Interior Directive of October 11, 2016 “Regole per l’avvio di un sistema di ripartizione graduale e sostenibile dei richiedenti asilo e rifugiati sul territorio nazionale”, http://www.sprar.it/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/ministrointerno11ottobre2016.pdf.

  5. 5.

    Letter to the Mayors by the ANCI president Antonio Decaro and by the delegate for Matteo Biffoni, Prot. 124 W/LP/DI/CO co16, www.sprar.it/images/Prot._124_-_Lettera_Decaro-Biffoni_-_Clausola_di_salvaguardia.pdf.

  6. 6.

    For example, the possibility for the local institution to hire new employees in the services for citizens, or other economic benefits.

  7. 7.

    All these provisions were overcome by the Immigration and Security Decree (the so called ‘Decreto Salvini’) issued on October 4, 2018 and converted into law by the Parliament at the beginning of December (publication in the Official Gazette on December 4, 2018).

  8. 8.

    In this chapter I concentrate on the formal and the informal (letters, declarations, interviews, etc.) reactions by local authorities, without considering neither taken by the same actors, nor the manifestations for or against refugees and reception by ordinary local citizens. On this last aspect, see Castelli Gattinara (2017), Fontanari and Borri (2017), Zamponi (2017) in the monographic issue of Mondi Migranti edited by Elena Fontanari and Giulia Borri.

  9. 9.

    For example, in Treviso Bresciano (province of Brescia, Lombardy), a small village of 550 inhabitants, a referendum was organized to decide the question: “Do you want asylum seekers to arrive on our territory?” A total of 114 residents answered, with a majority expressing a negative attitude towards the reception of the six migrants who might have arrived in the town. La Stampa, “Il paese di 550 abitanti si ribella al governo, in un referendum dice “no” a sei profughi”, 20 March 2017, http://www.lastampa.it/2017/03/20/esteri/il-paese-di-abitanti-si-ribella-al-governo-in-un-referendum-dice-no-a-sei-profughi-Ixpd6bsspfg74A800EiRkI/pagina.html.

  10. 10.

    La Repubblica, “Capalbio in rivolta per i profughi nelle villette del borgo. Il sindaco Pd: “Così creano un ghetto””, 13 August 2016, http://firenze.repubblica.it/cronaca/2016/08/13/news/capalbio_rivolta_per_i_profughi_il_sindaco_pd_-145937904/.

  11. 11.

    La Repubblica, “Accoglienza migranti, la Prefettura: “Si va avanti, anche a Fontevivo””, 29 September 2015, http://parma.repubblica.it/cronaca/2015/09/29/news/accoglienza_migranti_la_prefettura_si_va_avanti_anche_a_fontevivo_-123932215/.

  12. 12.

    Ansa, “Sindaco ‘diffida’ cittadini su migranti”, 17 August 2016, http://www.ansa.it/sito/notizie/cronaca/2016/08/17/sindaco-diffida-cittadini-su-migranti_8a5f22e0-9049-4cb8-92d2-6a351fdad78b.html.

  13. 13.

    La Repubblica, “Capalbio in rivolta per i profughi nelle villette del borgo. Il sindaco Pd: “Così creano un ghetto””, 13 August 2016, http://firenze.repubblica.it/cronaca/2016/08/13/news/capalbio_rivolta_per_i_profughi_il_sindaco_pd_-145937904/.

  14. 14.

    Rovigoggi, ““Arrivano 80 profughi”. Il sindaco si ribella. Parte la lotta”, 28 October 2016, http://www.rovigooggi.it/articolo/2016-10-28/arrivano-80-profughi-il-sindaco-si-ribella-parte-la-lotta/#.Wyzue1UzaUk.

  15. 15.

    La Repubblica, “Accoglienza migranti, la Prefettura: “Si va avanti, anche a Fontevivo””, 29 September 2015, http://parma.repubblica.it/cronaca/2015/09/29/news/accoglienza_migranti_la_prefettura_si_va_avanti_anche_a_fontevivo_-123932215/.

  16. 16.

    La Repubblica, ““Un muro in paese per bloccare i rifugiati” l’ultima sfida del sindaco-sceriffo”, 20 July 2015, https://ricerca.repubblica.it/repubblica/archivio/repubblica/2015/07/20/un-muro-in-paese-per-bloccare-i-rifugiati-lultima-sceriffo14.html.

  17. 17.

    Anconatoday, “Profughi alle Saline, consiglio di fuoco a Camerata: il no passa all’unanimità”, 7 May 2016, http://www.anconatoday.it/politica/profughi-saline-consiglio-camerata-no-unanimita.html.

  18. 18.

    La Repubblica, “Saronno, sindaco blocca l’arrivo di 32 migranti: “Non voglio africani maschi vicino alle scuole””, 22 April 2016, http://milano.repubblica.it/cronaca/2016/04/22/news/saronno_il_sindaco_blocca_l_arrivo_di_32_migranti_non_voglio_africani_maschi_vicino_alle_scuole_-138194760/.

  19. 19.

    Municipal ordinances got an impulse due to the modifications introduced in Italy by Decree no. 92 of 2008 on “urgent measures in the field of public security”—namely the Pacchetto Sicurezza [security package], converted into Law no. 125 of 2008.

  20. 20.

    Padovaoggi, “#stopinvasione: sit-in di protesta a San Pietro in Gu, Bitonci in prima fila”, 3 September 2016, http://www.padovaoggi.it/politica/profughi-accoglienza-san-pietro-in-gu-sit-in-protesta-lega-nord-oggi-3-settembre-2016.html.

  21. 21.

    Il Fatto Quotidiano, “Migranti, sindaco Pd di Vitulano chiude strada verso centro accoglienza. Poi l’accordo con la Prefettura”, 12 February 2017, https://www.ilfattoquotidiano.it/2017/02/12/migranti-sindaco-di-vitulano-benevento-chiude-strada-che-porta-a-centro-accoglienza-lo-stato-rispetti-i-patti/3387121/.

  22. 22.

    Ansa, “Sindaco ‘diffida’ cittadini su migranti”, 17 August 2016, http://www.ansa.it/sito/notizie/cronaca/2016/08/17/sindaco-diffida-cittadini-su-migranti_8a5f22e0-9049-4cb8-92d2-6a351fdad78b.html.

  23. 23.

    Varesenews, “Manifesti discriminatori. Lega Nord condannata dal Tribunale”, 23 February 2017, http://www.varesenews.it/2017/02/manifesti-discriminatori-lega-nord-condannata-dal-tribunale/597817/.

  24. 24.

    Bergamonews, “Capizzone, il sindaco: “Qui no profughi e i privati che li accolgono poi non si lamentino””, 16 February 2016, https://www.bergamonews.it/2016/02/16/capizzone-sindaco-no-profughi-privati-li-accolgono-non-si-lamentino/215906/.

  25. 25.

    Rovigoggi, ““Arrivano 80 profughi”. Il sindaco si ribella. Parte la lotta”, 28 October 2016, http://www.rovigooggi.it/articolo/2016-10-28/arrivano-80-profughi-il-sindaco-si-ribella-parte-la-lotta/#.Wyzue1UzaUk.

  26. 26.

    Picchio News, ““I 50 profughi a Frontignano non li vogliamo”: protestano sindaco e residenti di Ussita”, 27 July 2016, https://picchionews.it/attualita/i-50-profughi-a-frontignano-non-li-vogliamo-protestano-sindaco-e-residenti-di-ussita.

  27. 27.

    La Repubblica, “Capalbio in rivolta per i profughi nelle villette del borgo. Il sindaco Pd: “Così creano un ghetto””, 13 August 2016, http://firenze.repubblica.it/cronaca/2016/08/13/news/capalbio_rivolta_per_i_profughi_il_sindaco_pd_-145937904/.

  28. 28.

    Capri News, “Il caso migranti dopo Capri investe la costiera amalfitana. Il sindaco di Positano: “Diciamo no ai rifugiati, il Governo è sempre più lontano dai nostri territori””, 22 February 2017, http://www.caprinews.it/leggi1.asp?cod=8084.

  29. 29.

    Rovigoggi, ““Arrivano 80 profughi”. Il sindaco si ribella. Parte la lotta”, 28 October 2016, http://www.rovigooggi.it/articolo/2016-10-28/arrivano-80-profughi-il-sindaco-si-ribella-parte-la-lotta/#.Wyzue1UzaUk.

  30. 30.

    L’Arena, “Dal Comune secco no ai rifugiati. Lucchese: «E se li impongono?»”, 8 April 2017, http://www.larena.it/territori/est/caldiero/dal-comune-secco-no-ai-rifugiatilucchese-e-se-li-impongono-1.5616349?mobile_stay=1.

  31. 31.

    Picchio News, ““I 50 profughi a Frontignano non li vogliamo”: protestano sindaco e residenti di Ussita”, 27 July 2016, https://picchionews.it/attualita/i-50-profughi-a-frontignano-non-li-vogliamo-protestano-sindaco-e-residenti-di-ussita.

  32. 32.

    La Repubblica, “Capalbio in rivolta per i profughi nelle villette del borgo. Il sindaco Pd: “Così creano un ghetto””, 13 August 2016, http://firenze.repubblica.it/cronaca/2016/08/13/news/capalbio_rivolta_per_i_profughi_il_sindaco_pd_-145937904/.

  33. 33.

    La Repubblica, “Migranti a Tabiano, interviene Minniti: stop a nuovi arrivi e via allo Sprar”, 18 March 2017, http://parma.repubblica.it/cronaca/2017/03/18/news/migranti_a_tabiano_interviene_minniti_stop_a_nuovi_arrivi_e_via_allo_sprar-160854408/.

  34. 34.

    Il Fatto Quotidiano, “Migranti, sindaco Pd di Vitulano chiude strada verso centro accoglienza. Poi l’accordo con la Prefettura”, 12 February 2017, https://www.ilfattoquotidiano.it/2017/02/12/migranti-sindaco-di-vitulano-benevento-chiude-strada-che-porta-a-centro-accoglienza-lo-stato-rispetti-i-patti/3387121/.

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Marchetti, C. (2020). Cities of Exclusion: Are Local Authorities Refusing Asylum Seekers?. In: Ambrosini, M., Cinalli, M., Jacobson, D. (eds) Migration, Borders and Citizenship. Migration, Diasporas and Citizenship. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-22157-7_11

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