Abstract
Drawing upon the works of Rudy, Blair, and Tucker, this chapter discusses the rise of ‘spasmodic’ poetry in the 1850s, and argues that the insistence of the spasmodic poets that poetic inspiration transcended all other forms of authority can be understood as a reaction to the medicalisation and pathologisation of poetic talent in British culture over the course of the previous two decades. It explores the depiction of poetic genius in the writings of ‘spasmodic’ writers such as Horne, Dobell, Bailey, and Bigg, and contrasts their views with those of the Blackwood’s Magazine writers who critiqued them: of these, special attention is given to the writings of D.M. Moir, an influential poet and critic who was also a practising doctor. Finally, it considers the works published by Browning and Tennyson during the 1850s as responses to the spasmodic movement.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Primary Sources
Aytoun, William Edmondstoune. 1854. Firmilian: A “Spasmodic” Tragedy. New York: Redfield.
Bailey, Philip James. 1845. Festus: A Poem. Boston: Benjamin Mussey.
Barrett Browning, Elizabeth, and Robert Browning. 1990. In The Courtship Correspondence 1845–6, ed. Daniel Karlin. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Bigg, John Stanyan. 1854. Night and the Soul. London: Groombridge and Sons.
Brisbane, Thomas. 1869. The Early Years of Alexander Smith, Poet and Essayist. London: Hodder and Stoughton.
Browning, Robert. 1983–2009. Poetical Works, eds. Ian Jack, Rowena Fowler, Margaret Smith, Robert Inglesfield, et al., 15 vols. Oxford: Clarendon.
Bucknill, John Charles. 1855. Review of Maud and Other Poems. The Asylum Journal of Mental Science 2 (15): 95–104.
Carlyle, Thomas. 1866. On Heroes, Hero-Worship, and the Heroic in History. New York: John Wiley and Son.
———. 1975. Sartor Resartus. London: J.M. Dent and Sons.
Dobell, Sydney. 1854. Balder. 2nd ed. London: Smith, Elder, and Co.
Eliot, George. 1999. In The Lifted Veil and Brother Jacob, ed. Helen Small. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Gilfillan, George. 1851. The Bards of the Bible. New York: Harper and Brothers.
Horne, Richard Henry, ed. 1844. A New Spirit of the Age. 2 vols. London: Smith, Elder, and Co.
———. 1851. The Dreamer and the Worker. 2 vols. London: Henry Colburn.
Kelley, Phillip, et al., eds. 1984–2016. The Brownings’ Correspondence. 23 vols. Winfield: Wedgestone.
Kingsley, Charles. 1853. Thoughts About Shelley and Byron. In Fraser’s Magazine for Town and Country, vol. 48, 568–576. London: John W. Parker and Son.
———. 1906. Two Years Ago. London: Macmillan and Co.
Moir, D.M. 1852. Sketches of the Poetical Literature of the Past Half Century, in Six Lectures. 2nd ed. Edinburgh: William Blackwood and Sons.
Searle, January. 1852. Memoirs of William Wordsworth. London: Partridge and Oakey.
Shelley, Percy Bysshe. 1977. Poetry and Prose, ed. Donald Reiman and Sharon Powers. New York: Norton.
Smith, Alexander. 1859. A Life-Drama and Other Poems. Boston: Ticknor and Fields.
———. 1863. Dreamthorp. London: Strahan and Co.
Tennyson, Alfred. 1982. Letters, ed. Cecil Lang and Edgar Shannon Jr., 3 vols. Oxford: Clarendon.
———. 1987. The Poems of Tennyson, ed. Christopher Ricks, 3 vols, 2nd ed. Harlow: Longman.
Secondary Sources
Armstrong, Isobel. 1996. Victorian Poetry. London: Routledge.
Baker, John. 2004. Browning and Wordsworth. Madison: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press.
Blair, Kirstie. 2004. Spasmodic Affections: Poetry, Pathology, and the Spasmodic Hero. Victorian Poetry 42 (4): 473–490.
———. 2006. Victorian Poetry and the Culture of the Heart. Oxford: Clarendon.
Boos, Florence. 2004. “Spasm” and Class: W. E. Aytoun, George Gilfillan, Sydney Dobell, and Alexander Smith. Victorian Poetry 42 (4): 553–584.
Colley, Ann. 1983. Tennyson and Madness. Athens, GA: University of Georgia Press.
Coyer, Megan. 2016. Literature and Medicine in the Nineteenth-Century Periodical Press: Blackwood’s Edinburgh Magazine, 1817–1858. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
Day, Aidan. 2005. Tennyson’s Scepticism. Houndmills: Palgrave Macmillan.
Faas, Ekbert. 1988. Retreat into the Mind: Victorian Poetry and the Rise of Psychiatry. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Gill, Stephen. 1998. Wordsworth and the Victorians. Oxford: Clarendon.
Haigwood, Laura. 1986. Gender-to-Gender Anxiety and Influence in Robert Browning’s Men and Women. Browning Institute Studies 14: 97–118.
Harrison, Anthony. 1990. Victorian Poets and Romantic Poems. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia.
Jones, Kathleen. 1972. A History of the Mental Health Services. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.
Keenan, Richard. 1973. Browning and Shelley. Browning Institute Studies 1: 119–145.
Matthew, H.C.G., and Brian Harrison, eds. 2004. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. 60 vols. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Matthews, G.M., ed. 1971. Keats: The Critical Heritage. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.
Mighall, Robert. 1999. A Geography of Victorian Gothic Fiction: Mapping History’s Nightmares. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Mitchell, Leslie. 2003. Bulwer Lytton: The Rise and Fall of a Victorian Man of Letters. London: Hambledon and London.
Morton, Heather. 2008. The ‘Spasmodic’ Hoaxes of W.E. Aytoun and A.C. Swinburne. SEL 48 (4): 849–860.
Platizky, Roger. 1989. A Blueprint of His Dissent: Madness and Method in Tennyson’s Poetry. Lewisburg: Bucknell University Press.
Ricks, Christopher. 1989. Tennyson. 2nd ed. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Rudy, Jason. 2009. Electric Meters: Victorian Physiological Poetics. Athens: Ohio University Press.
Rutherford, Andrew, ed. 1970. Lord Byron: The Critical Heritage. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.
Ryan, Robert. 1997. The Romantic Reformation: Religious Politics in English Literature, 1789–1824. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Scull, Andrew, Charlotte Mackenzie, and Nicholas Hervey. 1996. Masters of Bedlam: The Transformation of the Mad-Doctoring Trade. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Showalter, Elaine. 1987. The Female Malady: Women, Madness, and English Culture, 1830–1980. London: Virago.
Skultans, Vieda. 1979. English Madness: Ideas on Insanity, 1580–1890. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.
Tate, Gregory. 2012. The Poet’s Mind: The Psychology of Victorian Poetry 1830–1870. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Tennyson, Hallam. 1897. Alfred Lord Tennyson: A Memoir. 2 vols. London: Macmillan.
Thomas, Donald. 1982. Robert Browning: A Life Within Life. New York: Viking.
Tucker, Herbert. 2004. Glandular Omnism and Beyond: The Victorian Spasmodic Epic. Victorian Poetry 42 (4): 429–450.
Whitehead, James. 2017. Madness and the Romantic Poet: A Critical History. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2019 The Author(s)
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Crawford, J. (2019). ‘The Madness’: Inspiration and Insanity in Spasmodic Poetry, 1851–1855. In: Inspiration and Insanity in British Poetry. Palgrave Studies in Literature, Science and Medicine. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-21671-9_6
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-21671-9_6
Published:
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-21670-2
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-21671-9
eBook Packages: Literature, Cultural and Media StudiesLiterature, Cultural and Media Studies (R0)