Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Sperm DNA Fragmentation: Mechanisms of Origin

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Genetic Damage in Human Spermatozoa

Part of the book series: Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology ((AEMB,volume 1166))

Abstract

Spermatozoa have the task to deliver an intact paternal genome to the oocyte and to support a successful embryo development. The high levels of sperm DNA fragmentation (sDF) found in sub-/infertile men threat human reproduction and health of the offspring. Strategies to prevent the onset of this type of sperm damage are extensively sought.

sDF can be induced by factors like lifestyle-related habits, diseases, drugs, aging, infections and exposure to pollutants. At the cell level, all these factors induce sperm DNA breaks by three main mechanisms: apoptosis, impairment of sperm chromatin maturation and oxidative stress. Apoptosis and defects in maturation of sperm chromatin appear to act in the testis and account for DNA breaks found in dead ejaculated spermatozoa, whereas oxidative stress is likely inducing sDF during the transit through the male genital tracts and accounting for DNA breaks observed in viable spermatozoa of the ejaculate. Oxidative stress appears to be also the main mechanism responsible for induction of sDF after ejaculation, during in vitro manipulation of spermatozoa. Whether or not mature spermatozoa are able to trigger a cell death program is not yet clarified. In particular, it is not clear whether apoptotic nucleases or reactive oxygen species are responsible for producing DNA breaks in ejaculated mature spermatozoa. Knowledge of the mechanisms inducing sDF is a valuable starting point to define possible therapeutic options that however are still far to be established.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Agarwal A, Majzoub A, Esteves SC, Ko E, Ramasamy R, Zini A (2016) Clinical utility of sperm DNA fragmentation testing: practice recommendations based on clinical scenarios. Transl Androl Urol 5:935–950

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Aitken RJ, Baker MA, Nixon B (2015) Are sperm capacitation and apoptosis the opposite ends of a continuum driven by oxidative stress? Asian J Androl 17:633–639

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Aitken RJ, Finnie JM, Muscio L, Whiting S, Connaughton HS, Kuczera L, Rothkirch TB, De Iuliis GN (2014) Potential importance of transition metals in the induction of DNA damage by sperm preparation media. Hum Reprod 29:2136–2147

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Aitken RJ, Gibb Z, Baker MA, Drevet J, Gharagozloo P (2016) Causes and consequences of oxidative stress in spermatozoa. Reprod Fertil Dev 28:1–10

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Anifandis G, Bounartzi T, Messini CI, Dafopoulos K, Sotiriou S, Messinis IE (2014) The impact of cigarette smoking and alcohol consumption on sperm parameters and sperm DNA fragmentation (SDF) measured by Halosperm(®). Arch Gynecol Obstet 290:777–782

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Antoniassi MP, Intasqui Lopes P, Camargo M, Zylbersztejn DS, Carvalho VM, Cardozo KH, Bertolla RP (2016) Analysis of the sperm functional aspects and seminal plasma proteomic profile from male smokers. BJU Int 118:814–822

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Baccetti B, Collodel G, Piomboni P (1996) Apoptosis in human ejaculated sperm cells. (Notulae seminologicae 9). J Submicrosc Cytol Pathol 28:587–596

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bandel I, Bungum M, Richtoff J, Malm J, Axelsson J, Pedersen HS, Ludwicki JK, Czaja K, Hernik A, Toft G, Bonde JP, Spanò M, Malm G, Haugen TB, Giwercman A (2015) No association between body mass index and sperm DNA integrity. Hum Reprod 30:1704–1713

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bojar I, Witczak M, Wdowiak A (2013) Biological and environmental conditionings for a sperm DNA fragmentation. Ann Agric Environ Med 20:865–868

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bounartzi T, Dafopoulos K, Anifandis G, Messini CI, Koutsonikou C, Kouris S, Satra M, Sotiriou S, Vamvakopoulos N, Messinis IE (2016) Pregnancy prediction by free sperm DNA and sperm DNA fragmentation in semen specimens of IVF/ICSI-ET patients. Hum Fertil (Camb) 19:56–62

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bujan L, Walschaerts M, Brugnon F, Daudin M, Berthaut I, Auger J, Saias J, Szerman E, Moinard N, Rives N, Hennebicq S (2014) Impact of lymphoma treatments on spermatogenesis and sperm deoxyribonucleic acid: a multicenter prospective study from the CECOS network. Fertil Steril 102:667–674

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bujan L, Walschaerts M, Moinard N, Hennebicq S, Saias J, Brugnon F, Auger J, Berthaut I, Szerman E, Daudin M, Rives N (2013) Impact of chemotherapy and radiotherapy for testicular germ cell tumors on spermatogenesis and sperm DNA: a multicenter prospective study from the CECOS network. Fertil Steril 100:673–680

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Campbell JM, Lane M, Owens JA, Bakos HW (2015) Paternal obesity negatively affects male fertility and assisted reproduction outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Reprod Biomed Online 31:593–604

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Condorelli RA, La Vignera S, Giacone F, Iacoviello L, Vicari E, Mongioi’ L, Calogero AE (2013) In vitro effects of nicotine on sperm motility and bio-functional flow cytometry sperm parameters. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 26:739–746

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Condorelli RA, La Vignera S, Mongioì LM, Alamo A, Calogero AE (2018) Diabetes mellitus and infertility: different pathophysiological effects in type 1 and type 2 on sperm function. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 9:268

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Connelly DA, Chan PJ, Patton WC, King A (2001) Human sperm deoxyribonucleic acid fragmentation by specific types of papillomavirus. Am J Obstet Gynecol 184:1068–1070

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cordelli E, Eleuteri P, Grollino MG, Benassi B, Blandino G, Bartoleschi C, Pardini MC, Di Caprio EV, Spanò M, Pacchierotti F, Villani P (2012) Direct and delayed X-ray-induced DNA damage in male mouse germ cells. Environ Mol Mutagen 53:429–439

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Correia S, Cardoso HJ, Cavaco JE, Socorro S (2015) Oestrogens as apoptosis regulators in mammalian testis: angels or devils? Expert Rev Mol Med 17:e2

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cortés-Gutiérrez EI, Dávila-Rodríguez MI, Fernández JL, de la O-Pérez LO, Garza-Flores ME, Eguren-Garza R, Gosálvez J (2017) The presence of human papillomavirus in semen does not affect the integrity of sperm DNA. Andrologia 49(10)

    Google Scholar 

  • Cui X, Jing X, Wu X, Wang Z, Li Q (2016) Potential effect of smoking on semen quality through DNA damage and the downregulation of Chk1 in sperm. Mol Med Rep 14:753–761

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Esteves SC, Roque M, Bradley CK, Garrido N (2017) Reproductive outcomes of testicular versus ejaculated sperm for intracytoplasmic sperm injection among men with high levels of DNA fragmentation in semen: systematic review and meta-analysis. Fertil Steril 108:456–467

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Evenson DP, Jost LK, Marshall D, Zinaman MJ, Clegg E, Purvis K, de Angelis P, Claussen OP (1999) Utility of the sperm chromatin structure assay as a diagnostic and prognostic tool in the human fertility clinic. Hum Reprod 14:1039–1049

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fernández-Gonzalez R, Moreira PN, Pérez-Crespo M, Sánchez-Martín M, Ramirez MA, Pericuesta E, Bilbao A, Bermejo-Alvarez P, de Dios Hourcade J, de Fonseca FR, Gutiérrez-Adán A (2008) Long-term effects of mouse intracytoplasmic sperm injection with DNA-fragmented sperm on health and behavior of adult offspring. Biol Reprod 78:761–772

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ferramosca A, Conte A, Moscatelli N, Zara V (2016) A high-fat diet negatively affects rat sperm mitochondrial respiration. Andrology 4:520–525

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fujita Y, Mihara T, Okazaki T, Shitanaka M, Kushino R, Ikeda C, Negishi H, Liu Z, Richards JS, Shimada M (2011) Toll-like receptors (TLR) 2 and 4 on human sperm recognize bacterial endotoxins and mediate apoptosis. Hum Reprod 26:2799–2806

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Gallegos G, Ramos B, Santiso R, Goyanes V, Gosálvez J, Fernández JL (2008) Sperm DNA fragmentation in infertile men with genitourinary infection by Chlamydia trachomatis and Mycoplasma. Fertil Steril 90:328–334

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Giwercman A, Spanò M (2014) Sperm chromatin and environmental factors. In: Zini A, Agarwal A (eds) A clinician’s guide to sperm DNA and chromatin damage. Springer, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Giwercman A, Lindstedt L, Larsson M, Bungum M, Spano M, Levine RJ, Rylander L (2010) Sperm chromatin structure assay as an independent predictor of fertility in vivo: a case-control study. Int J Androl 33:e221–e227

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gomes M, Gonçalves A, Rocha E, Sá R, Alves A, Silva J, Barros A, Pereira ML, Sousa M (2015) Effect of in vitro exposure to lead chloride on semen quality and sperm DNA fragmentation. Zygote 23:384–393

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gorczyca W, Traganos F, Jesionowska H, Darzynkiewicz Z (1993) Presence of DNA strand breaks and increased sensitivity of DNA in situ to denaturation in abnormal human sperm cells: analogy to apoptosis of somatic cells. Exp Cell Res 207:202–205

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gorpinchenko I, Nikitin O, Banyra O, Shulyak A (2014) The influence of direct mobile phone radiation on sperm quality. Cent Eur J Urol 67:65–71

    Google Scholar 

  • Gregoire M-C, Massonneau J, Simard O, Gouraud A, Brazeau M-A, Arguin M et al (2013) Male-driven de novo mutations in haploid germ cells. Mol Hum Reprod 19:495–499

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Grizard G, Roddier H, Artonne C, Sion B, Vasson MP, Janny L (2007) In vitro alachlor effects on reactive oxygen species generation, motility patterns and apoptosis markers in human spermatozoa. Reprod Toxicol 23:55–62

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Haines GA, Hendry JH, Daniel CP, Morris ID (2001) Increased levels of comet-detected spermatozoa DNA damage following in vivo isotopic- or X-irradiation of spermatogonia. Mutat Res 495:21–32

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Humm KC, Sakkas D (2013) Role of increased male age in IVF and egg donation: is sperm DNA fragmentation responsible? Fertil Steril 99:30–36

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ishikawa T, Fujioka H, Ishimura T, Takenaka A, Fujisawa M (2007) Increased testicular 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine in patients with varicocele. BJU Int 100:863–866

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson SL, Dunleavy J, Gemmell NJ, Nakagawa S (2015) Consistent age-dependent declines in human semen quality: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ageing Res Rev 19:22–33

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jurewicz J, Radwan M, Sobala W, Radwan P, Bochenek M, Hanke W (2018) Dietary patterns and their relationship with semen quality. Am J Mens Health 12:575–583

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kang X, Xie Q, Zhou X, Li F, Huang J, Liu D, Huang T (2012) Effects of hepatitis B virus S protein exposure on sperm membrane integrity and functions. PLoS One 7:e33471

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Kaspersen MD, Bungum M, Fedder J, Bonde J, Larsen PB, J Ingerslev H, Höllsberg P (2013) No increased sperm DNA fragmentation index in semen containing human papillomavirus or herpesvirus. Andrology 1:361–364

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kong A, Frigge ML, Masson G, Besenbacher S, Sulem P, Magnusson G, Gudjonsson SA, Sigurdsson A, Jonasdottir A, Jonasdottir A, Wong WS, Sigurdsson G, Walters GB, Steinberg S, Helgason H, Thorleifsson G, Gudbjartsson DF, Helgason A, Magnusson OT, Thorsteinsdottir U, Stefansson K (2012) Rate of de novo mutations and the importance of father’s age to disease risk. Nature 488:471–475

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Koppers AJ, Mitchell LA, Wang P, Lin M, Aitken RJ (2011) Phosphoinositide 3-kinase signalling pathway involvement in a truncated apoptotic cascade associated with motility loss and oxidative DNA damage in human spermatozoa. Biochem J 436:687–698

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kumar D, Salian SR, Kalthur G, Uppangala S, Kumari S, Challapalli S, Chandraguthi SG, Krishnamurthy H, Jain N, Kumar P, Adiga SK (2013) Semen abnormalities, sperm DNA damage and global hypermethylation in health workers occupationally exposed to ionizing radiation. PLoS One 8:e69927

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Kumar K, Lewis S, Vinci S, Riera-Escamilla A, Fino MG, Tamburrino L, Muratori M, Larsen P, Krausz C (2018) Evaluation of sperm DNA quality in men presenting with testicular cancer and lymphoma using alkaline and neutral Comet assays. Andrology 6:230–235

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lotti F, Tamburrino L, Marchiani S, Maseroli E, Vitale P, Forti G, Muratori M, Maggi M, Baldi E (2017) DNA fragmentation in two cytometric sperm populations: relationship with clinical and ultrasound characteristics of the male genital tract. Asian J Androl 19:272–279

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lozano GM, Bejarano I, Espino J, González D, Ortiz A, García JF, Rodríguez AB, Pariente JA (2009) Relationship between caspase activity and apoptotic markers in human sperm in response to hydrogen peroxide and progesterone. J Reprod Dev 55:615–621

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Marchiani S, Tamburrino L, Maoggi A, Vannelli GB, Forti G, Baldi E, Muratori M (2007) Characterization of M540 bodies in human semen: evidence that they are apoptotic bodies. Mol Hum Reprod 13:621–631

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Marcon L, Boissonneault G (2004) Transient DNA strand breaks during mouse and human spermiogenesis new insights in stage specificity and link to chromatin remodeling. Biol Reprod 70:910–918

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Martin JA, Hamilton BE, Ventura SJ, Osterman MJ, Kirmeyer S, Mathews TJ, Wilson EC (2011) Births: final data for 2009. Natl Vital Stat Rep 60:1–70

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Martínez-Pastor F, Aisen E, Fernández-Santos MR, Esteso MC, Maroto-Morales A, García-Alvarez O, Garde JJ (2009) Reactive oxygen species generators affect quality parameters and apoptosis markers differently in red deer spermatozoa. Reproduction 137:225–235

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Martini AC, Molina RI, Estofán D, Senestrari D, Fiol de Cuneo M, Ruiz RD (2004) Effects of alcohol and cigarette consumption on human seminal quality. Fertil Steril 82:374–377

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mc Pherson SMG, Longo FJ (1993) Chromatin structurefunction alterations during mammalian spermatogenesis: origin and significance of sperm DNA fragmentation 1497 DNA nicking and repair in elongating spermatids. Eur J Histochem 37:109–128

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Meseguer M, Santiso R, Garrido N, Fernandez JL (2008) The effect of cancer on sperm DNA fragmentation as measured by the sperm chromatin dispersion test. Fertil Steril 90:225–227

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mitchell LA, De Iuliis GN, Aitken RJ (2010) The TUNEL assay consistently underestimates DNA damage in human spermatozoa and is influenced by DNA compaction and cell vitality: development of an improved methodology. Int J Androl 34:2–13

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mitra A, Chakraborty B, Mukhopadhay D, Pal M, Mukherjee S, Banerjee S, Chaudhuri K (2012) Effect of smoking on semen quality, FSH, testosterone level, and CAG repeat length in androgen receptor gene of infertile men in an Indian city. Syst Biol Reprod Med 58:255–262

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Moskovtsev SI, Willis J, Mullen JB (2006) Age-related decline in sperm deoxyribonucleic acid integrity in patients evaluated for male infertility. Fertil Steril 85:496–499

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Muratori M, Baldi E (2018) Effects of FSH on sperm DNA fragmentation: review of clinical studies and possible mechanisms of action. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 9:734

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Muratori M, Maggi M, Spinelli S, Filimberti E, Forti G, Baldi E (2003) Spontaneous DNA fragmentation in swim-up selected human spermatozoa during long term incubation. J Androl 24:253–262

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Muratori M, Marchiani S, Tamburrino L, Cambi M, Lotti F, Natali I et al (2015a) DNA fragmentation in brighter sperm predicts male fertility independently from age and semen parameters. Fertil Steril 104:582–590. e4

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Muratori M, Tamburrino L, Marchiani S, Cambi M, Olivito B, Azzari C, Forti G, Baldi E (2015b) Investigation on the origin of sperm DNA fragmentation: role of apoptosis, immaturity and oxidative stress. Mol Med 21:109–122

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Muratori M, Tarozzi N, Cambi M, Boni L, Iorio AL, Passaro C, Luppino B, Nadalini M, Marchiani S, Tamburrino L, Forti G, Maggi M, Baldi E, Borini A (2016) Variation of DNA fragmentation levels during density gradient sperm selection for assisted reproduction techniques: a possible new male predictive parameter of pregnancy? Medicine (Baltimore) 95:e3624

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • O’Donovan M (2005) An evaluation of chromatin condensation and DNA integrity in the spermatozoa of men with cancer before and after therapy. Andrologia 37:83–90

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • O’Flaherty C, Vaisheva F, Hales BF, Chan P, Robaire B (2008) Characterization of sperm chromatin quality in testicular cancer and Hodgkin’s lymphoma patients prior to chemotherapy. Hum Reprod 23:1044–1052

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • O’Flaherty C (2014) Iatrogenic genetic damage of spermatozoa. Adv Exp Med Biol 791:117–135

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Oliveira H, Spanò M, Santos C (2009) Pereira MeL. Adverse effects of cadmium exposure on mouse sperm. Reprod Toxicol 28:550–555

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Paoli D, Gallo M, Rizzo F, Spanò M, Leter G, Lombardo F, Lenzi A, Gandini L (2015) Testicular cancer and sperm DNA damage: short- and long-term effects of antineoplastic treatment. Andrology 3:122–128

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Radwan M, Jurewicz J, Merecz-Kot D et al (2016) Sperm DNA damage-the effect of stress and everyday life factors. Int J Impot Res 28:148–154

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rama Raju GA, Jaya Prakash G, Murali Krishna K, Madan K, Siva Narayana T, Ravi Krishna CH (2012) Noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: effects on sperm morphological and functional characteristics, nuclear DNA integrity and outcome of assisted reproductive technique. Andrologia 44 Suppl 1:490–498

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rives N, Perdrix A, Hennebicq S, Saïas-Magnan J, Melin MC, Berthaut I et al (2012) The semen quality of 1158 men with testicular cancer at the time of cryopreservation: results of the French National CECOS Network. J Androl 33:1394–1401

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Robbins WA, Vine MF, Truong KY, Everson RB (1997) Use of fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) to assess effects of smoking, caffeine, and alcohol on aneuploidy load in sperm of healthy men. Environ Mol Mutagen 30:175–183

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Robinson L, Gallos ID, Conner SJ, Rajkhowa M, Miller D, Lewis S et al (2012) The effect of sperm DNA fragmentation on miscarriage rates: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Hum Reprod 27:2908–2917

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Roessner C, Paasch U, Kratzsch J, Glander HJ, Grunewald S (2012) Sperm apoptosis signalling in diabetic men. Reprod Biomed Online 25:292–299

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Roque M, Esteves SC (2014) Varicocelectomy. In: Zini A, Agarwal A (eds) A clinician’s guide to sperm DNA and chromatin damage. Springer, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Rybar R, Kopecka V, Prinosilova P, Markova P, Rubes J (2011) Male obesity and age in relationship to semen parameters and sperm chromatin integrity. Andrologia 43:286–291

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sakkas D, Mariethoz E, St John JC (1999) Abnormal sperm parameters in humans are indicative of an abortive apoptotic mechanism linked to the Fas-mediated pathway. Exp Cell Res 251:350–355

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sakkas D, Manicardi G, Bianchi PG, Bizzaro D, Bianchi U (1995) Relationship between the presence of endogenous nicks and sperm chromatin packaging in maturing and fertilizing mouse spermatozoa. Biol Reprod 52:1149–1155

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Santi D, Spaggiari G, Simoni M (2018) Sperm DNA fragmentation index as a promising predictive tool for male infertility diagnosis and treatment management - meta-analyses. Reprod Biomed Online 37:315–326

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sasikumar S, Dakshayani D, Sarasa D (2013) An investigation of DNA fragmentation and morphological changes caused by bacteria and fungi in human spermatozoa. Int J Curr Microbiol App Sci 2:84–96

    Google Scholar 

  • Schmid TE, Eskenazi B, Baumgartner A, Marchetti F, Young S, Weldon R et al (2007) The effects of male age on sperm DNA damage in healthy nonsmokers. Hum Reprod 22:180–187

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sellami H, Znazen A, Sellami A, Mnif H, Louati N, Ben Zarrouk S, Keskes L, Rebai T, Gdoura R, Hammami A (2014) Molecular detection of Chlamydia trachomatis and other sexually transmitted bacteria in semen of male partners of infertile couples in Tunisia: the effect on semen parameters and spermatozoa apoptosis markers. PLoS One 9:e98903

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Showell MG, Mackenzie-Proctor R, Brown J, Yazdani A, Stankiewicz MT, Hart RJ (2014) Antioxidants for male subfertility. Cochrane Database Syst Rev:CD007411

    Google Scholar 

  • Simon L, Zini A, Dyachenko A, Ciampi A, Carrell DT (2017) A systematic review and meta-analysis to determine the effect of sperm DNA damage on in vitro fertilization and intracytoplasmic sperm injection outcome. Asian J Androl 19:80–90

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sinha K, Das J, Pal PB, Sil PC (2013) Oxidative stress: the mitochondria-dependent and mitochondria independent pathways of apoptosis. Arch Toxicol 87:1157–1180

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Smith TB, Dun MD, Smith ND, Curry BJ, Connaughton HS, Aitken RJ (2013) The presence of a truncated base excision repair pathway in human spermatozoa that is mediated by OGG1. J Cell Sci 126:1488–1497

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sotolongo B, Huang TT, Isenberger E, Ward WS (2005) An endogenous nuclease in hamster, mouse, and human spermatozoa cleaves DNA into loop-sized fragments. J Androl 26:272–280

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ståhl O, Eberhard J, Cavallin-Ståhl E, Jepson K, Friberg B, Tingsmark C et al (2009) Sperm DNA integrity in cancer patients: the effect of disease and treatment. Int J Androl 32:695–703

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vaidya A, Mao Z, Tian X, Spencer B, Seluanov A, Gorbunova V (2014) Knock-in reporter mice demonstrate that DNA repair by non-homologous end joining declines with age. Hasty P, editor. PLoS Genet 10:e1004511

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Villegas J, Schulz M, Soto L, Sanchez R (2005) Bacteria induce expression of apoptosis in human spermatozoa. Apoptosis 10:105–110

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vujkovic M, de Vries JH, Dohle GR et al (2009) Associations between dietary patterns and semen quality in men undergoing IVF/ICSI treatment. Hum Reprod 24:1304–1312

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wyrobek AJ, Eskenazi B, Young S, Arnheim N, Tiemann-Boege I, Jabs EW et al (2006) Advancing age has differential effects on DNA damage, chromatin integrity, gene mutations, and aneuploidies in sperm. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 103:9601–9606

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Yatsenko AN, Turek PJ (2018) Reproductive genetics and the aging male. J Assist Reprod Genet 35:933–941

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Zalata A, El-Samanoudy AZ, Shaalan D, El-Baiomy Y, Mostafa T (2015) In vitro effect of cell phone radiation on motility, DNA fragmentation and clusterin gene expression in human sperm. Int J Fertil Steril 9:129–136

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences “Mario Serio”, Unit of Sexual Medicine and Andrology, Center of Excellence DeNothe, University of Florence, Florence, Italy

    Monica Muratori

  2. Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Unit of Sexual Medicine and Andrology, Center of Excellence DeNothe, University of Florence, Florence, Italy

    Sara Marchiani, Lara Tamburrino & Elisabetta Baldi

Authors
  1. Monica Muratori
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Sara Marchiani
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Lara Tamburrino
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Elisabetta Baldi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Monica Muratori .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy

    Elisabetta Baldi

  2. Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences “Mario Serio”, University of Florence, Florence, Italy

    Monica Muratori

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2019 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Muratori, M., Marchiani, S., Tamburrino, L., Baldi, E. (2019). Sperm DNA Fragmentation: Mechanisms of Origin. In: Baldi, E., Muratori, M. (eds) Genetic Damage in Human Spermatozoa. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, vol 1166. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-21664-1_5

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation