Abstract
Emerging powers have been emerging for quite some time now, yet seldom risen to great power status. This state of affairs is such that the emerging powers have not only institutionalized their ‘emerging’ status though institutionalized cooperation, but this cooperation has been steadily going on for over a decade: what started as an acronym (BRIC) turned into a grouping of states (Brazil, Russia, India, China) before another so-called emerging power was added to the group, changing again the acronym into BRICS in order to accommodate the ‘South’ in South Africa.
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Notes
- 1.
The difficulty in making sense of the emerging power category is only exacerbated by the fact that China—at one point an emerging market, but certainly no emerging power—and Russia—a declining superpower for quite some time, yet a great power in most accounts—are routinely referred alongside other emerging powers when this clearly does not reflect their power or status (see discussion below).
- 2.
As Nick Onuf (2012) has noted, there may have been a time when states could be ranked according to military prowess: to show that it measured on par or above another state, a state can go to war. Today, with the advent of nuclear weapons, that possibility is not there—or at least not to the same extent: going to war to prove one’s superiority would almost certainly result in the powerlessness of all parties.
- 3.
This section builds on work written with Maria Gabrielsen Jumbert.
- 4.
Interviews with Brazilian diplomats, Oslo, 2016.
- 5.
Hurrell, Andrew (2006) ‘Hegemony, liberalism and global order: what space for would be great powers?’ International Affairs, vol. 82, p. 19.
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de Carvalho, B. (2020). Brazil’s (Frustrated) Quest for Higher Status. In: Esteves, P., Gabrielsen Jumbert, M., de Carvalho, B. (eds) Status and the Rise of Brazil. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-21660-3_2
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