Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Arsenic Contamination of Drinking Water and Mitigation in Pakistan: A Case of Indus River Basin

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Arsenic Water Resources Contamination

Part of the book series: Advances in Water Security ((AWS))

Abstract

Most of the arsenic-exposed population of the globe reside in South Asia. Over 100 million people living around the basin of the Ganges River in Bangladesh and West Bengal in India alone are exposed to arsenic through underground drinking water, and have received much attention. Millions in Pakistan also are exposed to arsenic through underground drinking water along the basin of Indus River. However, it has not raised eyebrows for health workers and policymakers in Pakistan. This chapter reviews the available evidence on arsenic exposure to the population in Pakistan through the Indus River, its severity and association with disease, and prediction of long-term consequences. It also dwells on the inadequate measures so far undertaken for the mitigation and control of the impending disaster. With the growing population in Pakistan, water is becoming scarce; and consequently, an increasing number of people are resorting to underground water. The future health consequences of arsenic exposure through drinking water could be enormous and could have detrimental impacts on the overall development of the population. This chapter begins with the situation analyses of arsenic exposure and toxicity by reviewing the published and unpublished evidence for the quality of water and its health consequences. It takes into account of the available literature, and the example of Bangladesh when discussing the health consequences as the Indus River shares the same Himalayas origin as the rivers in Bangladesh. It then outlines the arsenic mitigation efforts so far undertaken in Pakistan. It further discusses the policies and strategies for arsenic affected areas (mainly along the bank of river) of Pakistan where the mitigation efforts would be most effective in terms of population benefits. In discussing this, it structures a framework for policies and strategies for action for low resource countries for arsenic mitigation.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 109.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 139.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 139.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Afridi HI, Kazi TG, Talpur FN, Arain S, Arain SS, Kazi N, Panhwar AH (2014) Distribution of arsenic, cadmium, lead, and nickel levels in biological samples of Pakistani hypertensive patients and control subjects. Clin Lab 60:1309–1318

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ahmad N (1993) Water resources of Pakistan and their utilisation. Mirajuddin PUB, Lahore, Pakistan

    Google Scholar 

  • Ahmed T, Kahlown M, Tahir A, Rashid H (2004) Arsenic an emerging issue: experiences from Pakistan. 30th WEDC international conference, Vientiane, Lao PDR, pp 459–466

    Google Scholar 

  • Ahmed F, Minnatullah K, Talbi A (2005) Arsenic mitigation technologies in South and East Asia. Towards a more effective operational response, vol 2, pp 166–207

    Google Scholar 

  • Ahmed M, Fatmi Z, Ali A (2014) Correlation of arsenic exposure through drinking groundwater and urinary arsenic excretion among adults in Pakistan. J Environ Health 76:48–54

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ahsan H, Chen Y, Parvez F, Zablotska L, Argos M, Hussain I, Momotaj H, Levy D, Cheng Z, Slavkovich V (2006) Arsenic exposure from drinking water and risk of premalignant skin lesions in Bangladesh: baseline results from the Health Effects of Arsenic Longitudinal Study. Am J Epidemiol 163:1138–1148

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ali J, Kazi TG, Baig JA, Afridi HI, Arain MS, Ullah N, Brahman KD, Arain SS, Panhwar AH (2015) Evaluation of the fate of arsenic-contaminated groundwater at different aquifers of Thar coalfield Pakistan. Environ Sci Pollut Res 22:19251–19263

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Alymkulova A, Seipulnik D (2005) NGO strategy for survival in Central Asia: financial sustainability. The William Davidson Institute. Policy Brief 22:1–8

    Google Scholar 

  • Arain GM, Aslam M, Majidano SA (2007) A preliminary study on the arsenic contamination of underground water. J Chem Soc Pak 29:463

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Arain MB, Kazi TG, Baig JA, Jamali MK, Afridi HI, Shah AQ, Jalbani N, Sarfraz RA (2009) Determination of arsenic levels in lake water, sediment, and foodstuff from selected area of Sindh, Pakistan: estimation of daily dietary intake. Food Chem Toxicol 47:242–248

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Arain MB, Kazi TG, Baig JA, Afridi HI, Brehman KD, Panhwar H, Arain SS (2015a) Co-exposure of arsenic and cadmium through drinking water and tobacco smoking: risk assessment on kidney dysfunction. Environ Sci Pollut Res 22:350–357

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Arain SS, Kazi TG, Afridi HI, Talpur FN, Kazi AG, Brahman KD, Panhwar AH, Kamboh MA (2015b) Correlation of arsenic levels in smokeless tobacco products and biological samples of oral cancer patients and control consumers. Biol Trace Elem Res 168:287–295

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Arshad N, Imran S (2017) Assessment of arsenic, fluoride, bacteria, and other contaminants in drinking water sources for rural communities of Kasur and other districts in Punjab, Pakistan. Environ Sci Pollut Res 24:2449–2463

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Baig JA, Kazi TG, Shah AQ, Afridi HI, Khan S, Kolachi NF, Kandhro GA, Wadhwa SK, Shah F (2011) Evaluation of toxic risk assessment of arsenic in male subjects through drinking water in southern Sindh Pakistan. Biol Trace Elem Res 143:772–786

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Baig JA, Kazi TG, Mustafa MA, Solangi IB, Mughal MJ, Afridi HI (2016) Arsenic exposure in children through drinking water in different districts of Sindh, Pakistan. Biol Trace Elem Res 173:35–46

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Balasubramanya S, Pfaff A, Bennear L, Tarozzi A, Ahmed KM, Schoenfeld A, van Geen A (2014) Evolution of households’ responses to the groundwater arsenic crisis in Bangladesh: information on environmental health risks can have increasing behavioral impact over time. Environ Dev Econ 19:631–647

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bennear L, Tarozzi A, Pfaff A, Balasubramanya S, Ahmed KM, Van Geen A (2013) Impact of a randomized controlled trial in arsenic risk communication on household water-source choices in Bangladesh. J Environ Econ Manag 65:225–240

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Berg M, Stengel C, Trang PTK, Viet PH, Sampson ML, Leng M, Samreth S, Fredericks D (2007) Magnitude of arsenic pollution in the Mekong and Red River Deltas—Cambodia and Vietnam. Sci Total Environ 372:413–425

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Berkeley Arsenic Alleviation Group (2007) Cost effective method for removing arsenic from water IB-1742. https://ipo.lbl.gov/lbnl1742. Accessed 10 Sept 2018

  • Bhattacharya P, Jovanovic D, Polya D (2017) Best practice guide on the control of arsenic in drinking water. IWA Publishing, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Bhutta MN, Alam MM (2006) Prospectives and limits of groundwater use in Pakistan. In: Groundwater research and management: integrating science into management decisions. International Water Management Institute, Colombo, pp 105–114

    Google Scholar 

  • Bibi M, Hashmi MZ, Malik RN (2015) Human exposure to arsenic in groundwater from Lahore district, Pakistan. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol 39:42–52

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brahman KD, Kazi TG, Afridi HI, Rafique T, Baig JA, Arain SS, Ullah N, Panhwar AH, Arain S (2014) Evaluation of fresh and stored rainwater quality in fluoride and arsenic endemic area of Thar Desert, Pakistan. Environ Monit Assess 186:8611–8628

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brown KG, Ross GL (2002) Arsenic, drinking water, and health: a position paper of the American Council on Science and Health. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 36:162–174

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chakrabarti D, Singh SK, Rashid MH, Rahman MM (2018) Arsenic: occurrence in groundwater. In: Reference module in earth systems and environmental sciences. Elsevier, Amsterdam

    Google Scholar 

  • Etmannski TR, Darton RC (2014) A methodology for the sustainability assessment of arsenic mitigation technology for drinking water. Sci Total Environ 488:505–511

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Farooq O, Wasti SE (2017) Agriculture, Pakistan economic survey 2016–17. Ministry of Finance, Goverment of Pakistan

    Google Scholar 

  • Fatmi Z, Ahmed M, Ara N (2008) Capacity building of health professionals, awareness and monitoring on arsenic mitigation in Sindh Province, Pakistan. The Aga Khan University, UNICEF, Local Government Sindh, Karachi

    Google Scholar 

  • Fatmi Z, Azam I, Ahmed F, Kazi A, Gill AB, Kadir MM, Ahmed M, Ara N, Janjua NZ (2009) Health burden of skin lesions at low arsenic exposure through groundwater in Pakistan. Is river the source? Environ Res 109:575–581

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fatmi Z, Abbasi IN, Ahmed M, Kazi A, Kayama F (2013) Burden of skin lesions of arsenicosis at higher exposure through groundwater of taluka Gambat district Khairpur, Pakistan: a cross-sectional survey. Environ Geochem Health 35:341–346

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • George CM, Factor-Litvak P, Khan K, Islam T, Singha A, Moon-Howard J, van Geen A, Graziano JH (2013) Approaches to increase arsenic awareness in Bangladesh: an evaluation of an arsenic education program. Health Educ Behav 40:331–338

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Government of Pakistan (2007) National action plan for arsenic mitigation, 2007–11. Ministry of Science and Technology, Pakistan

    Google Scholar 

  • Hoang TH, Bang S, Kim K-W, Nguyen MH, Dang DM (2010) Arsenic in groundwater and sediment in the Mekong River delta, Vietnam. Environ Pollut 158:2648–2658

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Inam A, Clift PD, Giosan L, Tabrez AR, Tahir M, Rabbani MM, Danish M (2007) The geographic, geological and oceanographic setting of the Indus River. In: Large rivers: geomorphology and management. Wiley, Hoboken, pp 333–345

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Ishaq M, Jan FA, Khan MA, Ihsanullah I, Ahmad I, Shakirullah M (2013) Effect of mercury and arsenic from industrial effluents on the drinking water and comparison of the water quality of polluted and non-polluted areas: a case study of Peshawar and Lower Dir. Environ Monit Assess 185:1483–1494

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Islam-ul-Haque (2015) Performance assessment of installed arsenic removal technologies and development of protocol for alternative safe drinking water supply options for arsenic hit areas of Pakistan. Int J Environ Monit Anal 3:31–42. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijema.s.2015030301.14

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Islam-ul-Haque, Nasir M (2015) Monitoring and impact evaluation system for arsenic mitigation interventions—arsenic contamination areas of Pakistan. Int J Environ Monit Anal 3:67–78

    Google Scholar 

  • Jakariya M, Chowdhury AMR, Hossain Z, Rahman M, Sarker Q, Khan RI, Rahman M (2003) Sustainable community-based safe water options to mitigate the Bangladesh arsenic catastrophe: an experience from two upazilas. Curr Sci 85:141–146

    Google Scholar 

  • Jiang J-Q, Ashekuzzaman S, Jiang A, Sharifuzzaman S, Chowdhury SR (2012) Arsenic contaminated groundwater and its treatment options in Bangladesh. Int J Environ Res Public Health 10:18–46

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Johnston R, Smakhtin V (2014) Hydrological modeling of large river basins: how much is enough? Water Resour Manag 28:2695–2730. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11269-014-0637-8

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kadono T, Inaoka T, Murayama N, Ushijima K, Nagano M, Nakamura S, Watanabe C, Tamaki K, Ohtsuka R (2002) Skin manifestations of arsenicosis in two villages in Bangladesh. Int J Dermatol 41:841–846

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kazi TG, Baig JA, Shah AQ, Arain MB, Jamali MK, Kandhro GA, Afridi HI, Kolachi NF, Khan S, Wadhwa SK (2011) Determination of arsenic in scalp hair of children and its correlation with drinking water in exposed areas of Sindh Pakistan. Biol Trace Elem Res 143:153–162

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Khan NI, Yang H (2014) Arsenic mitigation in Bangladesh: an analysis of institutional stakeholders’ opinions. Sci Total Environ 488:493–504

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Khan MMH, Sakauchi F, Sonoda T, Washio M, Mori M (2003) Magnitude of arsenic toxicity in tube-well drinking water in Bangladesh and its adverse effects on human health including cancer: evidence from a review of the literature. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 4:7–14

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kot M, Castleden H, Gagnon GA (2014) The human dimension of water safety plans: a critical review of literature and information gaps. Environ Rev 23:24–29

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kundu DK, Mol APJ, Gupta A (2016) Failing arsenic mitigation technology in rural Bangladesh: explaining stagnation in niche formation of the Sono filter. Water Policy 18:1490–1507

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Luqman M, Javed MM, Yasar A, Ahmad J, Khan A-U-H (2013) An overview of sustainable techniques used for arsenic removal from drinking water in rural areas of the Indo-Pak subcontinent. Soil Environ 32:87–95

    Google Scholar 

  • Luqman M, Ahmed SS, Naudhani S, Yousafzai A, Raza AM, Saeed M, Javed MM (2016) Adaptable technologies of arsenic removal from drinking water for arsenic hit areas of Pakistan. J Appl Emerg Sci 6:43–48

    Google Scholar 

  • Madajewicz M, Pfaff A, Van Geen A, Graziano J, Hussein I, Momotaj H, Sylvi R, Ahsan H (2007) Can information alone change behavior? Response to arsenic contamination of groundwater in Bangladesh. J Dev Econ 84:731–754

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Malana MA, Khosa MA (2010) Groundwater pollution with special focus on arsenic, Dera Ghazi Khan-Pakistan. J Saudi Chem Soc 15:39–47

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Milton AH, Hore SK, Hossain MZ, Rahman M (2012) Bangladesh arsenic mitigation programs: lessons from the past. Emerg Health Threats J 5:7269

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Muhammad S, Shah MT, Khan S (2010) Arsenic health risk assessment in drinking water and source apportionment using multivariate statistical techniques in Kohistan region, northern Pakistan. Food Chem Toxicol 48:2855–2864

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nafees AA, Kazi A, Fatmi Z, Irfan M, Ali A, Kayama F (2011) Lung function decrement with arsenic exposure to drinking groundwater along River Indus: a comparative cross-sectional study. Environ Geochem Health 33:203–216. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-010-9333-7

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nasir SM, Akbar G (2012) Effect of River Indus flow on low riparian ecosystems of Sindh: a review paper. Rec Zool Surv Pakistan 21:86–89

    Google Scholar 

  • Nawaz S, Nagra SA, Saleem Y, Priydarshi A (2010) Determination of heavy metals in fresh water fish species of the River Ravi, Pakistan compared to farmed fish varieties. Environ Monit Assess 167:461–471

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ngai TKK, Shrestha RR, Dangol B, Maharjan M, Murcott SE (2007) Design for sustainable development-household drinking water filter for arsenic and pathogen treatment in Nepal. J Environ Sci Health A 42:1879–1888

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Niazi NK (2017) Response: extensive arsenic contamination in high-pH unconfined aquifers in the Indus Valley [Online]. http://advances.sciencemag.org/content/3/8/e1700935/tab-e-letters

  • Nicomel NR, Leus K, Folens K, Van Der Voort P, Du Laing G (2015) Technologies for arsenic removal from water: current status and future perspectives. Int J Environ Res Public Health 13:62

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pakistan Bureau of Statistics (2016) Living standards measurement survey (2014–15). Pakistan Bureau of Statistics, Statistics Division, Government of Pakistan, Islamabad

    Google Scholar 

  • Pakistan Bureau of Statistics (2017) Provisional summary results of 6th population and housing census-2017. Pakistan Bureau of Statistics, Statistics Division, Government of Pakistan, Islamabad

    Google Scholar 

  • Pearce JM, Denkenberger DC (2006) Numerical simulation of the direct application of compound parabolic concentrators to a single effect basin solar still. In: Proceedings of the 2006 international conference of solar cooking and food processing.

    Google Scholar 

  • Podgorski JE, Eqani SAMAS, Khanam T, Ullah R, Shen H, Berg M (2017) Extensive arsenic contamination in high-pH unconfined aquifers in the Indus Valley. Sci Adv 3:e1700935

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Qurat ul A, Farooqi A, Sultana J, Masood N (2017) Arsenic and fluoride co-contamination in shallow aquifers from agricultural suburbs and an industrial area of Punjab, Pakistan: Spatial trends, sources and human health implications. Toxicol Ind Health 33:655–672

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rabbani U, Mahar G, Siddique A, Fatmi Z (2016) Risk assessment for arsenic-contaminated groundwater along River Indus in Pakistan. Environ Geochem Health 39:179–190

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rabbani U, Murtaza G, Fatmi Z (2017) Response: extensive arsenic contamination in high-pH unconfined aquifers in the Indus Valley [Online]. http://advances.sciencemag.org/content/3/8/e1700935/tab-e-letters

  • Rahman MM, Paul CK (2013) Implementation of water safety plans in Bangladesh: situation and need analysis. J Sci Found 9:141–161

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rasool A, Xiao T, Baig ZT, Masood S, Mostofa KMG, Iqbal M (2015) Co-occurrence of arsenic and fluoride in the groundwater of Punjab, Pakistan: source discrimination and health risk assessment. Environ Sci Pollut Res 22:19729–19746

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rasool A, Xiao T, Farooqi A, Shafeeque M, Liu Y, Kamran MA, Katsoyiannis IA, Eqani SAMAS (2017) Quality of tube well water intended for irrigation and human consumption with special emphasis on arsenic contamination at the area of Punjab, Pakistan. Environ Geochem Health 39:847–863

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rehman ZU, Khan S, Qin K, Brusseau ML, Shah MT, Din I (2016) Quantification of inorganic arsenic exposure and cancer risk via consumption of vegetables in southern selected districts of Pakistan. Sci Total Environ 550:321–329

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rubab G, Naseem S, Khan A, Husain V, Arain GM (2014) Distribution and sources of arsenic contaminated groundwater in parts of Thatta district, Sindh. J Himal Earth Sci 47:175–183

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shah AQ, Kazi TG, Baig JA, Afridi HI (2011) Correlation between arsenic concentration in fish and human scalp hair of people living in arsenic-contaminated and noncontaminated areas of Pakistan. Biol Trace Elem Res 144:197–204

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shakoor MB, Niazi NK, Bibi I, Rahman MM, Naidu R, Dong Z, Shahid M, Arshad M (2015) Unraveling health risk and speciation of arsenic from groundwater in rural areas of Punjab, Pakistan. Int J Environ Res Public Health 12:12371–12390

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shakoor MB, Bibi I, Niazi NK, Shahid M, Nawaz MF, Farooqi A, Naidu R, Rahman MM, Murtaza G, Lüttge A (2018) The evaluation of arsenic contamination potential, speciation and hydrogeochemical behaviour in aquifers of Punjab, Pakistan. Chemosphere 199:737–746

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Singh SK (2017a) An analysis of the cost-effectiveness of arsenic mitigation technologies: implications for public policy. Int J Sustain Built Environ 6:522–535

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Singh SK (2017b) Conceptual framework of a cloud-based decision support system for arsenic health risk assessment. Environ Syst Decis 37:435–450

    Google Scholar 

  • Singh SK, Taylor RW, Rahman MM, Pradhan B (2018) Developing robust arsenic awareness prediction models using machine learning algorithms. J Environ Manag 211:125–137

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Smith AH, Hopenhayn-Rich C, Bates MN, Goeden HM, Hertz-Picciotto I, Duggan HM, Wood R, Kosnett MJ, Smith MT (1992) Cancer risks from arsenic in drinking water. Environ Health Perspect 97:259–267

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sughis M, Nawrot TS, Riaz A, Ikram-Dar U, Mahmood A, Haufroid V, Nemery B (2014) Metal exposure in schoolchildren and working children. A urinary biomonitoring study from Lahore, Pakistan. Int J Hyg Environ Health 217:669–677

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sultana J, Farooqi A, Ali U (2014) Arsenic concentration variability, health risk assessment, and source identification using multivariate analysis in selected villages of public water system, Lahore, Pakistan. Environ Monit Assess 186:1241–1251

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Summerill C, Pollard SJT, Smith JA (2010a) The role of organizational culture and leadership in water safety plan implementation for improved risk management. Sci Total Environ 408:4319–4327

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Summerill C, Smith J, Webster J, Pollard S (2010b) An international review of the challenges associated with securing buy-in for water safety plans within providers of drinking water supplies. J Water Health 8:387–398

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tahir MA (2004) Assessment of arsenic and other health significant water quality parameters in groundwater of northern Punjab. Ph.D. thesis. Department of Chemistry, Bahuddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan

    Google Scholar 

  • U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (1991) Arsenic, inorganic; CASRN 7440-38-2

    Google Scholar 

  • Van Geen A, Ahsan H, Horneman AH, Dhar RK, Zheng Y, Hussain I, Ahmed KM, Gelman A, Stute M, Simpson HJ (2002) Promotion of well-switching to mitigate the current arsenic crisis in Bangladesh. Bull World Health Organ 80:732–737

    Google Scholar 

  • Wadhwa SK, Kazi TG, Chandio AA, Afridi HI, Kolachi NF, Khan S, Kandhro GA, Nasreen S, Shah AQ, Baig JA (2011) Comparative study of liver cancer patients in arsenic exposed and non-exposed areas of Pakistan. Biol Trace Elem Res 144:86–96

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wadhwa SK, Kazi TG, Kolachi NF, Afridi HI, Khan S, Chandio AA, Shah AQ, Kandhro GA, Nasreen S (2013) Case-control study of male cancer patients exposed to arsenic-contaminated drinking water and tobacco smoke with relation to non-exposed cancer patients. Hum Exp Toxicol 30:2013–2022

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Waheed S, Malik RN, Jahan S (2013) Health risk from As contaminated fish consumption by population living around River Chenab, Pakistan. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol 36:579–587

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yoshida T, Yamauchi H, Fan Sun G (2004) Chronic health effects in people exposed to arsenic via the drinking water: dose-response relationships in review. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 198:243–252. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.taap.2003.10.022. S0041008X04000948 [pii]

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Saudi Board Family Medicine, Ministry of Health, Qassim, Saudi Arabia

    Unaib Rabbani

  2. Department of Community Health Sciences, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan

    Zafar Fatmi

Authors
  1. Unaib Rabbani
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Zafar Fatmi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Zafar Fatmi .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. College of Agriculture & Human Sciences, Prairie View A&M University, Prairie View, TX, USA

    Ali Fares

  2. Department of Health, Insurance and Life Sciences, Data & Analytics Practice Virtusa Corporation, New York City, NY, USA

    Sushant K. Singh

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2020 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Rabbani, U., Fatmi, Z. (2020). Arsenic Contamination of Drinking Water and Mitigation in Pakistan: A Case of Indus River Basin. In: Fares, A., Singh, S. (eds) Arsenic Water Resources Contamination. Advances in Water Security. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-21258-2_12

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation