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Shaping Ireland’s Independence pp 205–243Cite as

Palgrave Macmillan

“Rickety Parliaments”: Dominion Home Rule and the Government of Ireland Act, 1919–July 1921

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Abstract

This chapter examines several different visions of Ireland’s future between 1919 and mid-1921. Prime Minister David Lloyd George’s Cabinet developed the Government of Ireland Act (1920) providing for six-county partition, but whether it was intended to operate is questionable. The civilian Irish Dominion League argued for the widest possible self-governing powers within the British Empire but convinced neither the Cabinet nor Sinn Féin, which with the Irish Republican Army (IRA) sought to establish a republic. Lloyd George sometimes claimed he was considering dominion status, but Rast asserts that his unwillingness to make concessions delayed a truce. Supporters of dominion status helped to end the violence by publicizing often-indiscriminate reprisals by government forces against civilians, divorcing significant sections of public opinion from Lloyd George’s government.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    David Powell, British Politics, 1910–35: The Crisis of the Party System (London: Routledge, 2004), 92–93.

  2. 2.

    Frances Stevenson, Lloyd George: A Diary, ed. A. J. P. Taylor (London: Hutchinson, 1971), 131, 2 Dec 1918.

  3. 3.

    Alvin Jackson, “Irish Unionism,” in Defenders of the Union: A Survey of British and Irish Unionism Since 1801, ed. D. G. Boyce and Alan O’Day (London: Routledge, 2001), 134.

  4. 4.

    Patrick Buckland, Irish Unionism Two: Ulster Unionism and the Origins of Northern Ireland, 1886–1922 (Dublin: Gill and Macmillan, 1973), 113–131; Ronan Fanning, Fatal Path: British Government and Irish Revolution, 1910–1922 (London: Faber and Faber, 2013), 188–189, 206–214.

  5. 5.

    John Kendle, Ireland and the Federal Solution: The Debate Over the United Kingdom Constitution, 1870–1921 (Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 1989), 231; Colin Reid, “Stephen Gwynn and the Failure of Constitutional Nationalism in Ireland, 1919–1921,” The Historical Journal 53, no. 3 (Sept. 2010): 723–745.

  6. 6.

    P. F. Clarke, Hope and Glory: Britain, 1900–1990 (London: Allen Lane, 1996), 100; Susan Kingsley Kent, Aftershocks: Politics and Trauma in Britain, 1918–1931 (Houndmills: Palgrave Macmillan, 2009), 91–121; Jon Lawrence, “The Transformation of British Public Politics After the First World War,” Past & Present 190 (Feb. 2006): 211–212; Kenneth Morgan, Consensus and Disunity: The Lloyd George Coalition Government (Oxford: Clarendon, 1979), 131–132; Alan Sykes, The Rise and Fall of British Liberalism, 1776–1988 (Harlow: Longman, 1997), 225–226.

  7. 7.

    Paul Bew, “Moderate Nationalism and the Irish Revolution, 1916–1923,” Historical Journal 42, no. 3 (Sept. 1999): 729–749; Michael Hopkinson, The Irish War of Independence (Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 2002), 177; Stephen Howe, Ireland and Empire: Colonial Legacies in Irish History and Culture (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000), 41.

  8. 8.

    Fanning, Fatal Path, 246; R. F. Foster, Modern Ireland, 1600–1972 (London: Allen Lane, 1988), 503–504; Peter Hart, Mick: The Real Michael Collins (New York: Viking, 2005), 275; J. J. Lee, “The Background: Anglo-Irish Relations, 1898–1921,” in No Surrender Here!: The Civil War Papers of Ernie O’Malley, 1922–1924, ed. Cormac K. H. O’Malley and Anne Dolan (Dublin: Lilliput, 2007), xxiv; Robert Lynch, Revolutionary Ireland, 1912–1925 (London: Bloomsbury, 2015), 78; Oliver MacDonagh, Ireland: The Union and Its Aftermath (London: George Allen and Unwin, 1977), 95, 97; Patrick Maume, The Long Gestation: Irish Nationalist Life, 1891–1918 (New York: St. Martin’s, 1999), 217.

  9. 9.

    Walter Long, Memories (London: Hutchinson, 1923), 249; UKNA, CAB/24/49/10, Long to Lloyd George, 18 April 1918.

  10. 10.

    UKNA, CAB/24/89/39, “Draft of a Bill to amend the provision for the Government of the United Kingdom”; CAB/24/89/40, “Draft of a Bill to make provision for amending and bringing into operation the Government of Ireland Act, 1914.”

  11. 11.

    UKNA, CAB/24/86/43, Lloyd George to Bonar Law, 2 Nov 1918. This letter was meant to be read to a Unionist Party meeting but was leaked to the press, TT, 18 Nov 1918.

  12. 12.

    Curzon in Parliament, TT, 11 Feb 1920.

  13. 13.

    UKNA, CAB/24/92/57, “First Report of Cabinet Committee on the Irish Question,” 4 Nov 1919. By December 22 the Cabinet decided not to grant control of customs and excise, a key element in dominion status, except to an all-Ireland parliament. UKNA, CAB/23/18/18, UK Cabinet Conclusions, 22 Dec 1919.

  14. 14.

    UKNA, CAB/23/18/6, UK Cabinet Conclusions, 11 Nov 1919.

  15. 15.

    F. Russell Bryant, ed., The Coalition Diaries and Letters of H. A. L. Fisher, 1916–22: The Historian in Lloyd George’s Cabinet, 4 vols. (Lewiston: Mellen, 2006), II: 489, 11 Nov 1919.

  16. 16.

    UKNA, CAB/24/93/97, Balfour, “The Irish Question,” 25 Nov 1919.

  17. 17.

    See UK Cabinet Conclusions: UKNA, CAB/23/37/3, 12 Nov; CAB/23/18/15, 15 Dec; CAB/23/18/17, 19 Dec 1919.

  18. 18.

    Hansard, HC, 22 Dec 1919, “Prime Minister’s Statement,” Lloyd George, vol. 123, columns 1168–1189; UKNA, CAB/23/18/17, UK Cabinet Conclusions, 19 Dec 1919.

  19. 19.

    UKNA, CAB/23/18/13, UK Cabinet Conclusions, 10 Dec 1919.

  20. 20.

    UKNA, CAB/24/98/83, Balfour, “Ireland: Home Rule,” 19 Feb, Balfour to Lloyd George, 10 Feb 1920; CAB/23/20/13, UK Cabinet Conclusions, 24 Feb 1919; Hansard, HC, 25 Feb 1920, “Government of Ireland Bill,” Lloyd George, vol. 125, column 1694.

  21. 21.

    IT, 9 Jan 1920.

  22. 22.

    IT, 27 Feb; Scott, Political Diaries, 382, 16–17 March; 384, 10 April 1920.

  23. 23.

    Griffith, IT, 1 March; IT, 26 Feb; PRONI, D627/435/73, Richard Dawson Bates to Montgomery, 5 May; UKNA, PRO/30/67/42/2417, Midleton, “Memo. of Interview with Lord B.,” 17 March 1920.

  24. 24.

    SR, 22 May; IT, 26 Feb 1920.

  25. 25.

    PRONI, D1327/18/29, Ulster and Home Rule: Six Counties or Nine? (Belfast: UUC, 25 May 1920).

  26. 26.

    PRONI, D1327/18/27, Minutes of Adjourned Annual Meeting, 10 March. The resolution was published but Craig’s presentation was not. TT, 11 March 1920.

  27. 27.

    PRONI, D1327/18/30, Letter from principal three-county supporters.

  28. 28.

    Carson, Craigavon, IT, 25 Sept 1911.

  29. 29.

    PRONI, D627/435/72, Montgomery to James Stronge, 5 May; D627/435/57B, J. B. G. Moore to Montgomery, April 1920; D627/435/73, Bates to Montgomery, 5 May 1920.

  30. 30.

    PRONI, D627/435/62, Ambrose Ricardo to Montgomery, 27 April 1920.

  31. 31.

    PRONI, D627/435/22, Montgomery to John Scott, 7 April; D627/435/91, Montgomery to Bates, 26 May 1920.

  32. 32.

    BNL, 26 April; PRONI, D627/435/58, Montgomery to J. B. G. Moore, 26 April; D627/435/59, James Stronge to Montgomery, 26 April; D627/435/61, Montgomery to Stronge, 27 April 1920.

  33. 33.

    For the resolution, see PRONI, UUC Papers, D1327/18/29. PRONI, D627/435/92, Montgomery to Stronge, 28 May; D627/435/28, Ambrose Ricardo to Montgomery, 11 April 1920.

  34. 34.

    PRONI, D1327/18/27, Bates to Barry Melaughlin, 2 March; Melaughlin to Craig, 8 March 1920.

  35. 35.

    Robert Lynch, The Northern IRA and the Early Years of Partition, 1920–1922 (Dublin: Irish Academic, 2006), 14–89.

  36. 36.

    IT, 25 May; PRONI, D640/7/7, Frederick Crawford to Craig, 14 May 1920.

  37. 37.

    PRONI, CAB/5/1, W. B. Spender to William Coates, 30 Aug 1920; D1507/A/7/1, Spender to Carson, 1 Aug 1914.

  38. 38.

    PRONI, D1295/2/16, Spender, “History of the UVF,” 1959; Thomas Jones, Whitehall Diary, 3 vols., ed. Keith Middlemas (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1971), III:28, 23 July 1920.

  39. 39.

    IT, 24 July; Hansard, HC, 15 July, “Derry (Restoration of Order),” vol. 131, column 2623 W; UKNA, CAB/24/110/3, Long, “Irish Situation Committee,” 29 July 1920.

  40. 40.

    UKPA, LG/F/36/2/14, C. F. N. Macready to Frances Stevenson, 25 May 1920.

  41. 41.

    PRONI, D1295/2/16, Spender, “History of UVF.,” 1959; NLI, Ms. 31,223(1), R. Hall to Charles Cooke, n.d.

  42. 42.

    PRONI, CAB/5/1, E. G. T. Bainbridge to Spender, 30 Aug 1920.

  43. 43.

    PRONI, CAB/5/1, UVF handbill.

  44. 44.

    IT, 2 Nov 1920; PRONI, D1295/2/16, Spender, “History of UVF,” 1959; UKNA, CAB/24/109/96, UK Cabinet Conclusions, 23 July; PRONI, CAB/5/1, William Coates to Spender, 1 Sept 1920.

  45. 45.

    Hansard, HC, 11 Nov, “Special Constables,” James Kiley, Hamar Greenwood, vol. 134, columns 1343–1344; PRONI, CAB/5/1, Spender to Craig, 21 Sept 1920.

  46. 46.

    Hansard, HC, 11 Nov 1920, “Government of Ireland Bill,” Devlin, vol. 134, columns 1450–1456.

  47. 47.

    PRONI, CAB/9/Z/3/1, Long to F. H. Burgis, 30 Oct; Hansard, HL, 23 Nov 1920, “Government of Ireland Bill,” Stuart, vol. 42, column 497; PRONI, D627/436/25A, Montgomery to Mary Ffolliott, 23 Aug 1918.

  48. 48.

    Hansard, HC, 17 Feb 1922, “Irish Free State (Agreement) Bill,” William Coote, vol. 150, columns 1440–1441.

  49. 49.

    Plunkett, Letter, TT, 15 April; NLI, Ms. 42,222/39, Plunkett Diaries, 5 April; Ms. 11,016(10), Plunkett to Bryce, 20 April 1919.

  50. 50.

    For a list of Dominion League founders, see IT, 28 June 1919. For pledges of support, see NLI, Ms. 42,222/39, Plunkett Diaries, 5 May, 8 June, 24 June, 30 June, 8 July 1919.

  51. 51.

    NLI, Ms. 42,222/39, Plunkett Diaries, 15 April, 23 June, 9 July 1919.

  52. 52.

    Plunkett, Letter, IT, 22 Nov 1919; IT, 7 Feb 1920.

  53. 53.

    Dillon, Letter, IT, 10 March 1920; Carson, Holywood, TT, 14 July 1919.

  54. 54.

    Scott, Political Diaries, 342–343, 19–21 April 1918; UKNA, PRO/30/67/42/2420, Oranmore, “Résumé of interview,” 18 March 1920; Hansard, HC, 30 March 1920, “Government of Ireland Bill,” Bonar Law, vol. 127, columns 1124–1125; NLI, Ms. 42,222/32, Plunkett Diaries, 23 July 1912; Hansard, HC, 3 April 1919 “Chief Secretary for Ireland,” Carson, vol. 114, columns 1471–1472; de Valera, Derry People, 5 Feb 1921.

  55. 55.

    IT, 5 July 1919.

  56. 56.

    Plunkett, Letter, TT, 5 July 1919; IT, 16 Feb; Plunkett, Letter, IT, 12 June 1920.

  57. 57.

    NLI, Ms. 13,415, James Douglas to Monteagle, 31 May; Douglas to Monteagle, 28 July 1919.

  58. 58.

    Compare NLI, Ms. 13,417/1, Douglas to Monteagle, 26 June 1920 with Karl Walter to Thomas Jones, 29 June 1920 in Whitehall Diary, III:23.

  59. 59.

    Anthony Gaughan, ed., Memoirs of Senator James G. Douglas (1887–1954): Concerned Citizen (Dublin: University College Dublin Press, 1998), 55; NLI, Ms. 10,925, Plunkett, Irish Dominion League circular, 17 March 1921.

  60. 60.

    NLI, Ms. 13,415, Shaftesbury to Monteagle, 20 July; Ms. 13,417/1, Charles Brett to Monteagle, 20 Sept; Monteagle to Brett, 24 Sept 1920.

  61. 61.

    Plunkett, Letter, TT, 5 July 1919; IT, 31 March 1920.

  62. 62.

    See contributions by Monteagle in the following: TT, 11 April 1912; IT, 8 Sept 1914; TT, 22 July 1916; Quarterly Review (April 1917): 558–569.

  63. 63.

    Several Dominion of Ireland Bill drafts are in NLI, Ms. 13,417/1.

  64. 64.

    NLI, Ms. 13,417/1, Douglas to Monteagle, 26 June 1920.

  65. 65.

    Hansard, HL, 1 July 1920, “Dominion of Ireland Bill,” Monteagle, Dunraven, Crewe, Killanin, Birkenhead, vol. 40, columns 1113–1162; IT, 23 June, 3 July 1920.

  66. 66.

    FJ, 14 Aug; IT, 2, 4, 9 Aug; IT, 10 June; IT, 2, 4 Aug 1920.

  67. 67.

    Hilton Young [U], John Murray [L], John Wallace [L], Letter, TT, 9 Aug 1920.

  68. 68.

    TT, 14 Aug 1920; PRONI, D4125/A/3/4/1, UAPL circular, 18 Aug 1920.

  69. 69.

    IT, 6 Aug 1920.

  70. 70.

    NLI, Ms. 10,924, G. F. Berkeley, “My Experiences with the Peace with Ireland Movement,” Nov 1921. For a list of attendees, see IT, 25 Aug 1920.

  71. 71.

    NLI, Ms. 13,415, Irish Peace Conference Standing Committee Minutes, 7 Sept; Resolution Adopted by Standing Committee, 27 Sept 1920.

  72. 72.

    UKPA, LG/F/95/2/27, Henry Harrison to Lloyd George, 31 Aug; Lloyd George, Carnarvon, TT, 11 Oct 1920.

  73. 73.

    UKPA, LG/F/95/2/47, Harrison and Edmund Swayne to Lloyd George, 4 Nov; LG/F/95/2/48, Lloyd George to Irish Peace Conference, 17 Nov 1921.

  74. 74.

    Lloyd George, Parliament, MG, 31 July; UKNA, CO/904/232, “Deputation to the Prime Minister on the Irish Question,” 4 Aug; IT, 6 Aug; TT, 5 Aug 1920.

  75. 75.

    UKNA, CAB/23/38/2, UK Cabinet Conclusions, 13 Oct; Hansard, HC, 11 Nov 1920, “Government of Ireland Bill,” Lloyd George, vol. 134, column 1436.

  76. 76.

    NLI, Ms. 13,417/1, Henry Harrison, The Irish Peace Conference 1920 and Its Betrayal: Does the Government Want a Genuine Peace? (Dublin: Irish Dominion League, 1921); Falkirk Herald, 10 Nov 1920.

  77. 77.

    TT, 28 Nov 1918; Ivan Gibbons, The British Labour Party and the Establishment of the Irish Free State, 1918–1924 (Houndmills: Palgrave Macmillan, 2015), 47–71; Geoffrey Bell, Hesitant Comrades: The Irish Revolution and the British Labour Movement (London: Pluto, 2016), 72–73, 83–84.

  78. 78.

    Hansard, HC, 22 Dec 1919, “Prime Minister’s Statement,” Arthur Henderson, vol. 123, column, 1209; J. R. Clynes, Manchester, MG, 2 March; J. H. Thomas, London, Observer, 25 July 1920.

  79. 79.

    Richard Haldane, London, MG, 29 Nov 1919; Asquith, Paisley, TT, 3 Feb; Asquith, Letter, TT, 5 Oct 1920.

  80. 80.

    H. H. Asquith, Memories and Reflections, 1852–1927, 2 vols. (Boston: Little, Brown, 1928), II:225–226.

  81. 81.

    Donald Maclean, Darlington, MG, 13 March; IT, 30 Sept; MG, 27 Nov 1920.

  82. 82.

    Falkirk Herald, 28 Feb, 7 April, 31 July, 20 Oct; MG, 28 June, 1 July, 9 Aug 1919, 5 March, 23 July, 17 Aug 1920. See the following by Austin Harrison in the English Review: “Fruits and Usufructs of the Treaty,” (May 1920): 456–460; “Credit or Bankruptcy,” (Nov. 1920): 459–460; “The Premier’s Choice,” (Jan. 1921): 73.

  83. 83.

    New York Times, 16 June; NLI, Ms. 42,222/39, Plunkett Diaries, 24 June; TT, 22 Nov 1919.

  84. 84.

    Oswald Mosley, My Life (London: Thomas Nelson, 1968), 34, 150, 154–155; Henry Bentinck, Letter, TT, 12 June 1920; NLI, Ms. 42,222/39, Plunkett Diaries, 4 Nov 1919; TT, 4 Oct 1920.

  85. 85.

    Hugh Cecil, Letter, TT, 17 May 1920.

  86. 86.

    NLI, Ms. 11,016(10), Bentinck to Bryce, 29 Oct 1920; Ms. 13,415, Peace with Ireland Council circular; Ms. 10,924, G. F. Berkeley, “My Experiences with the Peace with Ireland Movement,” Nov 1921.

  87. 87.

    IT, 11 Feb 1921.

  88. 88.

    NLI, Ms. 10,924, Berkeley, “My Experiences,” Nov 1921. Some of the evidence he collected survives in Mss. 10,926, 10,928.

  89. 89.

    NLI, Ms. 13,416.

  90. 90.

    Hopkinson, Irish War, 80; NLI, Ms. 42,222/41, Plunkett Diaries, 21 May 1921; Michael Hopkinson, ed., The Last Days of Dublin Castle: The Mark Sturgis Diaries (Dublin: Irish Academic Press, 1999), 73, 16 Nov 1920; Charles Townshend, The Republic: The Fight for Irish Independence, 1918–1923 (London: Lane, 2013), 166.

  91. 91.

    Lloyd George, Carnarvon, MG, 11 Oct; New York Times, 10 Oct 1920; II, 27 April 1921.

  92. 92.

    NR (Dec 1920); Geoffrey Radcliffe, Letter, TT, 4 Sept; Sturgis, Last Days, 43, 22 Sept 1920; Jones, Whitehall Diary, III:53, 15 Feb 1921.

  93. 93.

    Fisher to Lloyd George, 16 Nov 1920 in Coalition Diaries, II:683; UKNA, CAB/24/123/106, Christopher Addison, Report, 31 May; CO/904/232, Macready to Frances Stevenson, 20 June 1921.

  94. 94.

    UKNA, CO/904/232, de Valera to Desmond Fitzgerald, 18 Jan 1921.

  95. 95.

    Standard, 15 Dec 1909; Falkirk Herald, 7 April 1920.

  96. 96.

    NLI, Ms. 8430/9, Michael Collins to Art Ó Briain, 7 Sept 1920.

  97. 97.

    UKNA, CO/904/23, Documents seized from de Valera, 22 June 1921.

  98. 98.

    Lloyd George to Churchill, 10 May 1920 in Martin Gilbert, Winston S. Churchill Volume IV Companion Part 2 (London: Heinemann, 1977), 1085; UKNA, CO/904/232, “Deputation to the Prime Minister on the Irish Question,” 4 Aug 1920.

  99. 99.

    UKNA, CO/904/232, Francis Greer to John Anderson, 11 July 1921.

  100. 100.

    UKNA, CAB/23/21/14, UK Cabinet Conclusions, 2, June 1920; CAB/23/37/40, 14 June 1920.

  101. 101.

    Jones, Whitehall Diary, III:28, 23 July 1920; III:60, 27 April 1921.

  102. 102.

    Middlemas, Whitehall Diary, III:70–71.

  103. 103.

    Hansard, HC, 13 April 1920, “Irish Administration,” Andrew Bonar Law, vol. 127, columns 1569–1573; Churchill, Dundee, TT, 18 Oct 1920; Lloyd George, London, TT, 10 Nov 1920; Hansard, HC, 29 Nov 1920, “Ulster Volunteers,” Hamar Greenwood, vol. 135, columns 914–915; Greenwood, Dublin, TT, 24 Jan 1921.

  104. 104.

    NLI, Ms. 8429/12, Ó Briain to Collins, 15 July; Ms. 8426/3, Ó Briain to Collins, 23 July 1920.

  105. 105.

    Jones, Whitehall Diary, III:25–30, 23 July; Fisher, Coalition Diaries, II:588, 23 July; UKNA, CAB/24/109/96, UK Cabinet Conclusions, 23 July 1920.

  106. 106.

    Jones, Whitehall Diary, III:31, 23 July; UKNA, CAB/24/109/86, Balfour, “The Future of the Home Rule Bill,” 24 July 1920.

  107. 107.

    J. H. Thomas, Parliament, TT, 23 July 1920. For the Labour Party deputation to Lloyd George, see TT, 21 June; DH, 29 July 1920.

  108. 108.

    Scott, Political Diaries, 342, 19–21 April 1918. The Irish Bulletin maintained lists of coroners’ inquest verdicts against Crown forces, until these were suppressed in September 1920. See 13 Feb, 16 April, 6 Sept, 11 Nov 1920.

  109. 109.

    C. E. Callwell, Field-Marshal Sir Henry Wilson: His Life and Diaries, 2 vols. (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1927), II:251.

  110. 110.

    UKNA, CO/904/232, “Deputation to the Prime Minister on the Irish Question,” 4 Aug 1920; Jones, Whitehall Diary, III:53, 15 Feb 1921.

  111. 111.

    George Cockerill, Letter, TT, 8 Oct; Griffith, IT, 12 Oct 1920.

  112. 112.

    Fisher, Coalition Diaries, II:628, 25 Oct 1920; BMH WS 767, Patrick Moylett, 49–72; NLI, Ms. 8426/11, Ó Briain to Collins, 20 Oct; Ms. 8426/7, Collins to Ó Briain, 1 Nov 1920; Ms. 8426/7, Collins to Ó Briain, 15 Dec 1920; Ms. 8430/12, Collins to Ó Briain, 4 Jan 1921.; UCDA, P150/1413, Arthur Griffith to Collins, n.d.

  113. 113.

    UCDA, P150/1412, James Haverty to Eamon de Valera, 3 April 1952.

  114. 114.

    BMH WS 362, J. T. McMahon.

  115. 115.

    See the following in UCDA, P150/1413: Ó Briain to Griffith, 2 Dec 1920; Griffith to Diarmuid Ó hÉigeartaigh, n.d.; Note by Michael Collins.

  116. 116.

    See the following letters to Lloyd George in UKPA, LG/F/95/2/58: W. G. Seymour, 4 Dec; John Redington, 6 Dec; John Harley Scott, 7 Dec 1920.

  117. 117.

    UKPA, LG/F/95/3/59, Michael O’Flanagan to Lloyd George, 5 Dec 1920.

  118. 118.

    NLI, Ms. 8430/11, Ó Briain to Collins, 12 Dec; UKNA, CAB/23/23/15, UK Cabinet Conclusions, 13 Dec; Jones, Whitehall Diary, III:44–46, 13 Dec 1920.

  119. 119.

    UCDA, P150/1413, Griffith to Collins, 13 Dec 1920; Collins to Griffith, 14 Dec 1920.

  120. 120.

    Sturgis, Last Days, 91, 14 Dec; UCDA, P150/1413, Griffith to Collins, 15 Dec 1920; Collins to Griffith, 16 Dec 1920.

  121. 121.

    Sturgis, Last Days, 93–94; UCDA, P150/1413, Griffith to Collins, 17 Dec 1920.

  122. 122.

    Jones, Whitehall Diary, III:47; UKNA, CAB/23/23/22, UK Cabinet Conclusions, 24 Dec; UKNA, CAB/23/23/25, UK Cabinet Conclusions, 29 Dec 1920.

  123. 123.

    UKNA, CAB/23/23/22, UK Cabinet Conclusions, 24 Dec; PRONI, CAB/5/4, Craig to Fisher, 28 Dec 1920.

  124. 124.

    UKNA, CAB/23/24/3, UK Cabinet Conclusions, 14 Jan; CAB/24/120/41, Hamar Greenwood, “Government of Ireland Act,” 27 Feb 1921.

  125. 125.

    UCDA, P150/1414, Michael O’Flanagan to Eamon de Valera, 26 Jan; de Valera to O’Flanagan, 27 Jan; P150/1421, Collins to James O’Connor, 17 Feb 1921.

  126. 126.

    UCDA, P150/1431, James Burke, “Memorandum re Interview with Mr. Vincent.”

  127. 127.

    TT, IT, 25–26 April 1921; UCDA, P150/1439, “Note on Visit of Earl Derby to Dublin, April 1921,” 20 Jan 1954.

  128. 128.

    UKPA, LG/F/19/3/13, Irish Business Men’s Conciliation Committee to Lloyd George, 31 March; LG/F/19/3/16, Lloyd George to Andrew Jameson, 19 April 1921.

  129. 129.

    UCDA, P150/1437, Diarmuid Ó hÉigeartaigh to Jameson, 2 May 1921.

  130. 130.

    NAI, DE/2/1, de Valera to Ó hÉigeartaigh, 29 May 1921.

  131. 131.

    UCDA, P150/1414, James O’Connor to de Valera, 2 June; O’Connor, Memo of Second Interview, 30 Jan 1921.

  132. 132.

    UKPA, LG/F/19/4/10, Greenwood to Lloyd George, 11 May 1921; Fisher to Mary Murray, 5 June 1921 in Coalition Diaries, III:753.

  133. 133.

    Sturgis, Last Days, 171; UKPA, LG/F/19/4/5, Greenwood to Lloyd George, 5 May 1921.

  134. 134.

    UCDA, P150/1414, O’Flanagan to de Valera, 14 May; de Valera to O’Connor, 4 June; UKNA, CAB/23/25/26, UK Cabinet Conclusions, 25 May 1921.

  135. 135.

    UKPA, LG/F/19/2/21, Greenwood to Lloyd George, 29 Sept 1920; LG/F/19/3/2, Greenwood to Lloyd George, 26 Jan 1921.

  136. 136.

    Jones to Bonar Law, 24 April in Whitehall Diary, III:55; UKPA, LG/F/19/4/10, Greenwood to Lloyd George, 11 May 1921.

  137. 137.

    C. J. C. Street [pseud. I.O.], Ireland in 1921 (London: Allan, 1921), 7. Greenwood and Macready gave the Cabinet weekly reports including statistics. For their final ones, see UKNA, CAB/24/126/52, Greenwood, “Weekly Survey of the State of Ireland,” 18 July; Macready, “Report on the Situation in Ireland,” 19 July 1921.

  138. 138.

    Jones, Whitehall Diary, III:55–60, 27 April; Lloyd George, Parliament, TT, 29 April 1921.

  139. 139.

    Jones, Whitehall Diary, III:63–70, 12 May 1921; Fisher, Coalition Diaries, III:745, 12 May 1921.

  140. 140.

    UKNA, CAB/24/123/71, L. Worthington-Evans, “Ireland and the General Military Situation,” 24 May; CAB/23/26/2, UK Cabinet Conclusions, 2 June 1921.

  141. 141.

    Churchill to Francis Newdegate, 15 June 1921 in Martin Gilbert, Winston S. Churchill Volume IV Companion Part 3 (London: Heinemann, 1977), 1507–1508. Also, Curzon’s retrospective attempt to justify Cabinet refusal to grant concessions, Hansard, HL, 14 Dec 1921, “Address in Reply to His Majesty’s Most Gracious Speech,” vol. 48, columns 32–33.

  142. 142.

    TT, 23 June 1921; Jones, Whitehall Diary, III:78–79.

  143. 143.

    UKNA, CO/904/23, de Valera to Ó Briain, 14 June; NAI, DE/2/244, de Valera to Collins, 14 June 1921. For Cope as the intermediary, BMH WS 907, Laurence Nugent, 223–224.

  144. 144.

    NAI, DE/2/244, Collins to de Valera, 16 June 1921. Collins was in contact with several people in Dublin Castle. The identity of his informant on this occasion is unclear. BMH WS 615, Frank Thornton, 5–6, 44; No. 281, Bernard Golden.

  145. 145.

    Sturgis, Last Days, 190, 23 June 1921; Frank Pakenham [Earl Longford] and Thomas P. O’Neill, Eamon de Valera (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1971), 124–128.

  146. 146.

    UKNA, CAB/23/26/8, UK Cabinet Conclusions, 24 June; Sturgis, Last Days, 192, 25 June 1921.

  147. 147.

    Sturgis, Last Days, 199, 5 July; DÉ, 22 Dec 1921, Liam de Roiste.

  148. 148.

    NLI, Ms. 8430/18, Ó Briain to Collins, 1 July 1921.

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Rast, M.C. (2019). “Rickety Parliaments”: Dominion Home Rule and the Government of Ireland Act, 1919–July 1921. In: Shaping Ireland’s Independence. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-21118-9_6

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