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Swimming Professors and Entrepreneurs

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Swimming Communities in Victorian England

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Abstract

This chapter focuses on the nineteenth-century swimming professors whose entrepreneurial activities replicated the working lives of the artisans that were typical of the social class from which they had originated. These craftsmen utilized their expertise and shared experiences to develop swimming skills and then to employ this emerging knowledge in an increasingly commercialized environment. Some of these professors’ lives are explored in detail to highlight the importance of family to their success and to illustrate the typical characteristics of the working practices of contemporary professors, while also demonstrating that their activities extended nationwide. Two prominent one-legged professors of the period, William Woodbridge and Charley Moore, are then discussed before the chapter concludes with a discussion of the financial problems and other difficulties encountered by swimming professors.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Penny Illustrated, July 3, 1875, 14; Bell’s Life, February 28, 1874, 9; July 31, 1875, 12; August 18, 1877, 12; Census Returns. Henry and Emily Parker 1871 (393/11/16), 1881 (356/124/48). Harry 1891 (190/54/30), 1901 (2149/75/38). GRO (1849/birth/December/St.Lukes/2/303). Emily was born in February 1861.

  2. 2.

    Northern Echo, September 6, 1875, p. 3.

  3. 3.

    Robert Ellis Dudgeon, Swimming Baths of London (London: Henry Turner, 1870), 23.

  4. 4.

    John Lowerson, “Sport and British Middle-Class Culture: Some Issues of Representation and Identity before 1940,” International Journal of the History of Sport 21, no. 1 (2004): 38–43.

  5. 5.

    Bicycle Swimming and Athletic Journal, “The Whereabouts of Professional Swimmers,” August 21, 1878, p. 7.

  6. 6.

    British Library Evan. 2768 Poster; Swimming Notes, 23 February, 7; British Library Evan. 1245 Notice.

  7. 7.

    The Marvel, “A Champion Swimmer. A Chat with the Finneys,” July 2, 1898, p. 11.

  8. 8.

    Bell’s Life, “National Swimming Society,” April 25, 1841, p. 1; “Swimming School,” June 20, 1841, p. 4; “Swimming,” August 29, 1841, p. 4.

  9. 9.

    Morning Advertiser, “Swimming Match,” September 28, 1841, p. 3.

  10. 10.

    Bell’s Life, March 13, 1842, p. 2; “The Art of Swimming,” May 8, 1842, p. 4; “Swimming Challenge,” September 4, 1842, p. 2.

  11. 11.

    Era, “Swimming,” October 2, 1842, p. 10.

  12. 12.

    Bell’s Life, “Westminster Floating Baths,” January 29, 1843, p. 4; “Swimming and Naval Gymnastics,” April 16, 1843, p. 4; “Swimming School,” May 21, 1843, p. 4.

  13. 13.

    Bell’s Life, August 27, 1843, p. 3; September 10, 1843, p. 4.

  14. 14.

    Bell’s Life, 31 March 1844, p. 1; Lloyd’s Weekly, May 26, 1844, p. 10.

  15. 15.

    Bell’s Life, “Swimming. The Swift Swimming Race for a Silver Medal,” July 5, 1846, p. 7; “Swimming,” June 20, 1847, p. 6; August 29, 1847, p. 1; July 9, 1848, p. 6; September 3, 1848, p. 6; “Swimming,” April 15, 1849, p. 6.

  16. 16.

    Morning Chronicle, “Swimming Match,” July 12, 1844, p. 6.

  17. 17.

    Bell’s Life, “The Polytechnic,” February 16, 1845, p. 5; Morning Advertiser, August 4, 1845, p. 1.

  18. 18.

    Lloyd’s Weekly, “The National Tepid Swimming Baths, Westminster Road,” April 19, 1846, p. 6; Bell’s Life, April 26, 1846, p. 1; “Swimming Baths,” April 26, 1846, p. 8.

  19. 19.

    Lloyd’s Weekly, “Swimming,” July 25, 1847, p. 10; Bell’s Life, July 25, 1847 p. 5.

  20. 20.

    Bell’s Life, September 3, 1848 p. 6; “Swimming,” June 9, 1850, p. 8; “Diving Extraordinary,” February 2, 1851; p. 7.

  21. 21.

    Kentish Independent, “Grand Feats of Natation!” July 19, 1851, p. 1; July 26, 1851, p. 8; August 2, 1851, p. 4.

  22. 22.

    Bell’s Life, August 3, 1851, p. 6; September 21, 1851, p. 7.

  23. 23.

    Bell’s Life, “The Polytechnic,” February 16, 1845, p. 5.

  24. 24.

    Captain Stevens. Captain Stevens’ System of Swimming; The Only Rules for a Quick Initiation in the Same. 2nd ed. (London: Biggs and Son, 1845), 12.

  25. 25.

    Daily News, “Swimming Taught in Five Minutes,” August 8, 1846, p. 1.

  26. 26.

    Bell’s Life, “Captain Stevens’ System of Swimming,” April 4, 1847, p. 3.

  27. 27.

    Era, Sunday, May 9, 1852, p. 13.

  28. 28.

    Hampshire Advertiser, “Captain Steph(sic)en’s Life Buoy,” April 27, 1844, p. 3.

  29. 29.

    Bell’s Life, August 9, 1846, p. 3.

  30. 30.

    Derbyshire Courier, “Floating Beds,” November 13, 1847, p. 2; Nautical Standard, November 13, 1847, p. 696; Wexford Independent, November 24, 1847, p. 4; Bell’s Life, November 28, 1847, p. 8.

  31. 31.

    Caledonian Mercury, “Preservation of Life in Cases of Shipwreck,” April 13, 1848, p. 2.

  32. 32.

    Bell’s Life, “Swimming,” April 1, 1855, p. 5; “Swimming,” June 3, 1855, p. 8.

  33. 33.

    SAGB Committee Minutes, August 1881; British Library Evan. 1565 Notice; Evan. 1275 Notice; Evan. 2624a Programme; Evan. 1672 Notice; Evan. 985 Notice; Evan. 6055 Advertisement; Evan. 6736 Advertisement.

  34. 34.

    Census returns. 1911 Charles Whyte and Emma (RG14PN170RG78PN6RD2SD3ED6SN165). Charles Whyte junior (RG14PN744 RG78PN26RD9SD4ED1SN43).

  35. 35.

    British Library Evan. 487 Poster; Evan. 500 Poster; Evan. 996 programme.

  36. 36.

    Observer, “An Inquest,” September 8, 1878, p. 6.

  37. 37.

    Penny Illustrated, September 22, 1883, p. 10.

  38. 38.

    Hastings and St Leonards Observer, “Swimming Entertainment,” October 22, 1887, p. 5; “Swimming Entertainments at the Baths,” August 2, 1890, p. 5.

  39. 39.

    Census. Alfred W. Ward, Minnie and Alfred 1881 (172/13/20). Alfred W., Alfred E., Florence, Ernest and Maud Ward 1891 (22/86/1). Minnie Ward 1891 (82/73/13).

  40. 40.

    Census. Edward J. Reddish 1861 RG 9/2728 West Derby, Liverpool; 1881 RG11/3640 North Toxteth, Liverpool.

  41. 41.

    North Wales Chronicle, “Llandudno Swimming Club,” November 1, 1884, p. 6; North Wales Chronicle, July 11, 1885, p. 6.

  42. 42.

    Sporting Life, December 27, 1890, p. 2.

  43. 43.

    Census. Edward Johnson Reddish 1901 RG 13/841 Dover, Kent; 1911 Liverpool, 52, Professional swimmer.

  44. 44.

    Census 1891, 1911.

  45. 45.

    1861. Census RG 9/2574. St Thomas, Liverpool. Ralph Mitchell, 30, Interpreter born Austria. Wife Catharine, 29, born in Ireland, daughter Maria, 7, Liverpool.

  46. 46.

    Births, Marriages, and Deaths, GRO.

  47. 47.

    Census. 1871 RG 10/3774. St George. Liverpool. Henry R. Mitchell, 32, born in Malta, Professor of Swimming, Julia 28, Charles, 3, Henry, 1, Catherine, 0; 1874. 18 June. Marriage of Maria Mitchell, 21, daughter of Henry Ralph Mitchell, Teacher of Swimming, to William Smith.

  48. 48.

    Census. 1881 RG11/3629 St. Anne, Liverpool. Henry R. Mitchell, Professor of Swimming; 1891 RG 12/2909 Liverpool, St Peters. Henry R. Mitchell, Professor of Natation; 1901 RG 13/3480 Liverpool. St. Augustine. Henry Mitchell, Swimming Professor; 1911. Liverpool, Everton. Henry Mitchell, 81, born in Austria, no employment.

  49. 49.

    ‘Local government and public services: Public utilities’, A History of the County of Chester, vol. 5, part 2: The City of Chester: Culture, Buildings, Institutions (2005), 35–49. http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=57305 (accessed June 23, 2009).

  50. 50.

    Bell’s Life, “Alliance Club,” July 1, 1871, p. 2; “Neptune United Club,” April 27, 1872, p. 11; “Neptune United Club,” June 15, 1872, p. 12; “Neptune United Captaincy Race,” July 20, 1872, p. 11; “Greenwich Swimming Fete Greenhithe,” August 3, 1872, p, 10; “Alliance Club,” August 17, 1872, p. 5; “Neptune United Club,” September 14, 1872, p. 5; “Dreadnought Club,” November 7, 1874, p. 12.

  51. 51.

    Bell’s Life, “Swimming,” January 2, 1875, p. 4; “Swimming,” March 27, 1875, p. 5; “Opening of the Brixton and Clapham Swimming Bath,” June 26, 1875, p. 3; “Swimming,” July 3, 1875, p. 12.

  52. 52.

    Bell’s Life, “Dreadnought Club,” August 28, 1875, p. 5; September 18, 1875, p. 5; “Swimming, Dreadnought Swimming Club,” November 27, 1875, p. 8; “Swimming,” February 26, 1876, p. 9; “Swimming,” September 2, 1876, p. 10; “Aquatic Fete on the Lea,” September 9, 1876, p. 10.

  53. 53.

    Bell’s Life, January 20, 1877, p. 5; “Swimming Association,” August 4, 1877, p. 9.

  54. 54.

    Bell’s Life, “Swimming. Professor Hoare,” October 20, 1877, p. 5; October 27, 1877, p. 4; “The Hoare Fund,” November 10, 1877, p. 5.

  55. 55.

    Kent & Sussex Courier, July 17, 1878 p. 1; January 22, 1879 p. 2; Bell’s Life, “Swimming Club at Tunbridge Wells,” February 15, 1879, p. 9.

  56. 56.

    Bell’s Life, “Swimming. Six Day Swim at the Lambeth Baths,” May 31, 1879, p. 4.

  57. 57.

    Memories Awash with Pools Past, http://www.thisistotalessex.co.uk/latestnews/Memories-awash-pools-past/article-1022604-detail/article.html (accessed May 26, 2009).

  58. 58.

    Freemasons Chronicle, “Bro. Henry Hoare’s Turkish and Other Baths,” June 12, 1880, p. 13.

  59. 59.

    Census. 1881 RG11/918 Tu(o)nbridge. Henry Hoare, Unmarried, Professor of Swimming born in Middlesex.

  60. 60.

    Hawera & Normanby Star, “British and Foreign News,” December 2, 1881, p. 5.

  61. 61.

    Southend Standard and Essex Weekly Advertiser, “Southend Regatta,” September 15, 1882. p. 8.

  62. 62.

    Kent & Sussex Courier, “Sudden Death of Professor Hoare,” December 19, 1890 p. 5; London Man of the World, December 24, 1890. p. 5.

  63. 63.

    The Times, August 23, 1869, p. 10; August 29, 1870, p. 11; 1871 Census RG 10/50. (50/69/34), Brompton, Chelsea.

  64. 64.

    Bell’s Life, “National Swimming Association,” August 17, 1872, p. 5; September 14, 1872, p. 5.

  65. 65.

    Graphic, October 4, 1873, p. 327.

  66. 66.

    Census. Morris 1881 (2502/20/36), 1891 (30/26/3); Robert Watson, “Comparative Generations,” in Swimmers and Swimming or, The Swimmer’s Album, ed. Charles Newman (London: Henry Kemshead, 1899), 25; Liverpool Mercury, January 3, 1900, p. 10.

  67. 67.

    Lloyd’s Weekly, August 4, 1850, p. 10; August 10, 1851, p. 10; The Times, August 6. 1851, p. 6.

  68. 68.

    The Times, November 8, 1865, p. 4.

  69. 69.

    Hampshire Telegraph, September 17, 1881, p. 5.

  70. 70.

    Census 1841–1901. William Tuohy 1841 Scottish census 493/7/24/18. 1851 (1589/425/3), 1861 (648/65/30), 1871 (1131/45/10), 1881 (1150/52/24), 1891 (2689/62/7), 1901 (986/77/6). GRO (1902/death/Portsmouth/2b/348). Annie and Ada Tuohy 1901 (3184/46/29).

  71. 71.

    1824 Baptismal Registers, Saint George, Hanover Square, Middlesex, 9. No 71.

  72. 72.

    Era, “Swimming Races,” July 23, 1843, p. 9; “Swimming Matches for the Championship,” July 6, 1845. p. 12; “Swimming Race,” July 13, 1845, p. 12; “Swimming,” September 14, 1845, p. 11; “Swimming,” September 28, 1845, p. 11; “Swimming Match,” May 17, 1846, p. 11; “Swimming,” July 26, 1846, p. 4; Lloyds Weekly, “Swimming Match at the Holborn Baths,” August 3, 1845, p. 9; “Swimming Match,” September 14, 1845, p. 10; “The Swimming Club,” September 28, 1845, p. 9; “The Holborn Swimming Baths,” July 12, 1846, p. 10.

  73. 73.

    Newcastle Guardian and Tyne Mercury, June 5, 1847, p. 5; June 12, 1847, p. 4; Newcastle Journal, June 12, 1847, p. 2; Bell’s Life, July 4, 1847, p. 8; Era, July 4, 1847, p. 5; Newcastle Courant, “Grand Swimming Fete,” July 23, 1847, p. 4; “Swimming,” August 20, 1847, p. 4.

  74. 74.

    Leicester Journal, May 19, 1848, p. 2.

  75. 75.

    Census 1851 HO 107/1504; 1852 Jan-Feb-Mar Marriage to London, 1c, p. 306.

  76. 76.

    Era, July 30, 1854, p. 13; Bell’s Life, September 16, 1855, p. 8.

  77. 77.

    Westminster Covent Garden Journal, “Grand Swimming Entertainment,” July 6, 1861, p. 5.

  78. 78.

    Manchester Courier, August 23, 1862, p. 1; August 2, 1864, p. 1; July 6, 1865, p. 1; December 20, 1865, p. 3; June 23, 1866, p. 1; June 19, 1877, p. 1; June 22, 1880, p. 1; September 17, 1881, p. 1; August 10, 1882, p. 1; December 22, 1883, p. 1.

  79. 79.

    Bell’s Life, September 25, 1859, p. 6; October 21, 1860, p. 7; July 31, 1880, p. 8; Manchester Courier, July 26, 1880, p. 8.

  80. 80.

    Bell’s Life, September 5, 1858, p. 5.

  81. 81.

    Bell’s Life, October 20, 1866, p. 9.

  82. 82.

    Manchester Courier, September 21, 1882, p. 1; October 28, 1882, p. 7; April 21, 1883, p. 14.

  83. 83.

    Manchester Courier, July 21, 1860, p. 9; July 26, 1865, p. 4; Bell’s Life, September 15, 1861, p. 7; April 27, 1862, p. 7; May 18, 1862, p. 6; July 5, 1863, p. 3; June 25, 1864, p. 7; October 8, 1864, p. 2; July 29, 1865, p. 7; October 21, 1865, p. 9; November 4, 1865, p. 7.

  84. 84.

    Bell’s Life, May 21, 1864, p. 6.

  85. 85.

    Bell’s Life, September 5, 1858, p. 5; August 27, 1864, p. 7; August 26, 1865, p. 7; Manchester Courier, August 20, 1859, p. 7; August 17, 1864, p. 2; August 19, 1865, p. 1; August 21, 1865, p. 4; September 8, 1866, p. 10; August 17, 1867, p. 12; July 25, 1874, p. 1; July 29, 1876, p. 1.

  86. 86.

    Bell’s Life, August 19, 1865, p. 6; August 11, 1866, p. 2; August 1, 1868, p. 10; September 5, 1868, p. 10; Manchester Courier, July 15, 1869, p. 1; July 15, 1869, p. 8; August 30, 1869, p. 3.

  87. 87.

    Bell’s Life, May 21, 1864, p. 6; May 6, 1865, p. 7; April 14, 1866, p. 7; September 5, 1868, p. 10; September 4, 1859, p. 8; October 8, 1864, p. 2; September 15, 1866, p. 3; June 8, 1867, p. 7; September 5, 1868, p. 10; August 19, 1865, p. 6; May 5, 1869, p. 8.

  88. 88.

    Bell’s Life, May 12, 1861, p. 7; September 30, 1865, p. 7; October 28, 1865, p. 7; August 18, 1866, p. 7; August 4, 1866, p. 7; September 15, 1866, p. 3; August 3, 1867, p. 6; June 24, 1871, p. 9; August 31, 1872, p. 10.

  89. 89.

    Bell’s Life, October 29, 1864, p. 7; October 21, 1865, p. 9.

  90. 90.

    Manchester Courier, November 12, 1859, p. 6; October 13, 1860, p. 9; Bell’s Life, November 13, 1859, p. 7.

  91. 91.

    Bell’s Life, November 13, 1859, p. 7; July 7, 1866, p. 9; September 15, 1866, p. 9; April 1, 1871, p. 9; April 29, 1871, p. 9.

  92. 92.

    Bell’s Life, August 30, 1863, p. 6; December 4, 1875, pp. 7, 10; December 18, 1875, p. 9.

  93. 93.

    Census 1861 RG9/2881 George Poulton, 37, teacher of swimming. 1871 RG10/3997 taken on April 2; Bell’s Life, August 19, 1865, p. 6; August 11, 1866, p. 2; August 1, 1868, p. 10; August 22, 1868, p. 7; April 1, 1871, p. 9.

  94. 94.

    Bell’s Life, August 19, 1865, p. 7; December 9, 1865, p. 7; December 16, 1865, p. 7; December 23, 1865, p. 7; December 30, 1865, p. 8; June 5, 1869, p. 7; June 16, 1869, p. 7; June 19, 1869, p. 7; June 23, 1869, p. 7.

  95. 95.

    Bell’s Life, October 21, 1860, p. 7; July 16, 1870, p. 7; July 20, 1870, p. 1; July 18, 1874, p. 5.

  96. 96.

    Illustrated Police News, July 21, 1883, p. 4.

  97. 97.

    Census 1881 RG11/3936; Manchester Courier, August 24, 1881, p. 7; July 22, 1884, p. 4.

  98. 98.

    Census 1891 RG12/3200; Manchester Courier, September 23, 1891, p. 4; BMD: 1898 Jan-Feb-Mar Death of George Poulton, 74, Chorlton, Lancashire. 8c, p. 545.

  99. 99.

    Manchester Guardian, “Editorial,” July 6, 1904, p. 4.

  100. 100.

    William Wilson, The Swimming Instructor (London: Horace Cox, 1883), 52; Watson, “Comparative Generations,” 18–22; Era, “Grand Swimming Races at the Lambeth Baths,” August 15, 1858, p. 14; “Grand Swimming Races at the Lambeth Baths,” October 3, 1858, p. 13; Bell’s Life, “Swimming. Races at the Wenlock Bath,” July 29, 1860, p. 6; “Swimming. Champion Belt,” August 12, 1860, p. 3; “Swimming,” October 14, 1860, p. 6.

  101. 101.

    Bell’s Life, “W. Walker’s Benefit,” October 23, 1859, p. 7; December 18, 1859, p. 7.

  102. 102.

    Census 1861 RG9/254; Bell’s Life, “Champion Challenge Cup,” August 4, 1861, p. 6; “Beckwith’s Prizes,” September 1, 1861, p. 3; October 20, 1861, p. 6; “Ilex Swimming Club Entertainment,” November 10, 1861, p. 6.

  103. 103.

    Era, “Swimming Races at Bellevue Gardens, Manchester,” August 30, 1863, p. 13; The Times “Aquatic Feats at Lambeth,” October 7, 1863. P. 12; Bell’s Life, October 10, 1863, p. 7; May 13, 1865, p. 6; July 15, 1865, p. 2.

  104. 104.

    Births, Marriages, and Deaths. General Records Office; Bell’s Life, “Plymouth Annual Swimming Match,” August 12, 1865, p. 3.; August 19, 1865, p. 6; August 26, 1865, p. 7; “City of London Baths, Golden Lane, St Lukes,” July 20, 1867, p. 2; August 3, 1867, p. 6; Marylebone Mercury, August 17, 1867, p. 1.

  105. 105.

    Bell’s Life, “Woodbridge, The One-Legged Swimmer,” February 1, 1868, p. 6.

  106. 106.

    Watson, Comparative Generations, 18–22; Bell’s Life, “Mrs Woodbridge’s Benefit,” April 25, 1868, p. 9; Census 1871 RG 10/578. St Mary Bow, Tower Hamlets, St Stephen; Marylebone Mercury, 23 September 1871, 4.

  107. 107.

    Watson, “Comparative Generations,” 18–22; Penny Illustrated, October 14, 1871, p. 15; “Thames Mermaids,” September 4, 1875, p. 13; September 4, 1875, p. 14.

  108. 108.

    Bell’s Life, “Charley Moore’s Handicap,” April 27, 1872, p. 11; “Aquatic Sports at Bolney, Sussex,” June 15, 1872, p. 12; July 20, 1872, p. 11; September 18, 1875, p. 5; Surrey County Baths, London Clapham. British Library Poster. Evan. 2624a.

  109. 109.

    Bell’s Life, “Charles Moore’s Benefit,” September 14, 1872, p. 5.

  110. 110.

    Penny Illustrated, “Thames Mermaids,” September 4, 1875, p. 13; “Thames Mermaids,” September 4, 1875, p. 14; Bell’s Life, “Dreadnought Club,” August 28, 1875, p. 5.

  111. 111.

    Bell’s Life, September 9, 1876, 10.

  112. 112.

    Watson, Comparative Generations, 18–22.

  113. 113.

    Sporting Times, May 21, 1892, p. 2.

  114. 114.

    Bell’s Life, September 22, 1877, p. 3; “Beckwith and Corbett for £50,” June 16, 1877, p. 4.

  115. 115.

    City Jackdaw, “Mr. Aronsberg at Blackpool,” August 16, 1878, p. 314.

  116. 116.

    MSA Minutes, February 8, 1872; September 9, 1872.

  117. 117.

    Manchester Guardian, “Disorderly Houses,” August 10, 1880, p. 7; “Raid on Betting Men,” May 31, 1888, p. 6.

  118. 118.

    Observer, “Law Reports – Saturday, February 16,” February 17, 1895, p. 3; Manchester Guardian, February 18, 1895, p. 6.

  119. 119.

    Daily News, “Teaching Young Ladies to Swim,” October 11, 1854, p. 7.

  120. 120.

    Reynolds’s Newspaper, “Parochial Prosecution,” October 31, 1875, p. 6; Lloyds Weekly, October 31, 1875, p. 7.

  121. 121.

    Lloyd’s Weekly, “Revoking an Order. Singular Proceedings,” October 29, 1876, p. 12.

  122. 122.

    Fun, “Dots and Lines”, November 6, 1875, p. 194.

  123. 123.

    Hampshire Telegraph, “Assault on a Swimming Master,” July 21, 1869, p. 4.

  124. 124.

    Era, “Scene at the Aquarium,” January 31, 1885, p. 11.

  125. 125.

    Morning Advertiser, “The Champion Swimmer is a New Character,” March 8, 1869, p. 7.

  126. 126.

    Bell’s Life, “Professor Cavill and the Prince Imperial,” September 14, 1872, p. 5.

  127. 127.

    The Times, “Middlesex Sessions, July 18,” July 19, 1877, p. 11; Pall Mall Gazette, July 19, 1877, p. 4; July 19, 1877, p. 5.

  128. 128.

    The Times, “Court for Relief of Insolvent Debtors,” June 27, 1861, p. 4; London Gazette, May 6, 1879, p. 3216; Bell’s Life, September 18, 1875, p. 5; December 21, 1878, p. 9; December 28, 1878, p. 9.

  129. 129.

    Era, September 8, 1883, p. 4; Penny Illustrated, “The Webb Memorial Benefit,” September 8, 1883, p. 7; Aberdeen Weekly Journal, 8, 1883, p. 2.

  130. 130.

    Bell’s Life, September 6, 1873, p. 9.

  131. 131.

    Eastbourne Gazette, “Local Notes,” November 26, 1879, p. 8.

  132. 132.

    The Marvel, “A Champion Swimmer. A Chat with the Finneys,” July 2, 1898, p. 11.

  133. 133.

    Swimming, Rowing and Athletic Record, August 16, 1873, 1; August 23, 1873, 2.

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  1. History, Politics and Philosophy, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK

    Dave Day

  2. Independent Researcher, Crewe, UK

    Margaret Roberts

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Day, D., Roberts, M. (2019). Swimming Professors and Entrepreneurs. In: Swimming Communities in Victorian England. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-20940-7_2

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