Abstract
Chapter 3 has shown, how to quantify the internal state of a system. Basically, a distinction has been made between thermal and caloric state values. Since not all state values can be measured directly, equations to calculate them are required. The Paddle Wheel experiment for instance, see Sect. 2.4.1, has shown, that the internal energy describes the energetic state of a fluid.
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Notes
- 1.
Such as enthalpy, internal energy and entropy for instance.
- 2.
Josiah Willard Gibbs (\(\star \)11 February 1839 in New Haven, Connecticut, \(\dagger \)28 April 1903 in New Haven, Connecticut)
- 3.
E.g. air is an a gaseous state, i.e. \(P=1\), and it, simplified, contains \(C=2\) components, i.e. nitrogen and oxygen.
- 4.
The molar fraction will be introduced in part II and is defined as \(x_{i}=\frac{n_{i}}{n_{\text {total}}}\). Thus, it has the meaning of a concentration of a component in a mixture.
- 5.
Being incompressible is an idealised model. However, in part II real fluids are discussed, that do not follow this assumption any more.
- 6.
This characteristic will be explained in Chap. 18.
- 7.
This is called sensible heat, since the supply of thermal energy can directly be measured by a thermometre.
- 8.
Thus, this thermal energy is called latent heat, since it can not be measured by an increase of temperature.
- 9.
You might already know, that the temperature, at what boiling starts, depends on the pressure. Water on the Mount Everest starts boiling at lower temperature than on sea-level due to pressure variation for instance.
- 10.
In such a case two components are available, i.e. \(C=2\). Both are ideal gases, i.e. only one aggregate state occurs, so that \(P=1\).
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Schmidt, A. (2019). Equations of State. In: Technical Thermodynamics for Engineers. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-20397-9_5
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-20397-9_5
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