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Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Eye Movements: Introduction to Methods and Basic Phenomena

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Abstract

The advent of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) in the early 1990s led to a rapid increase in the study of the neural bases of cognition. fMRI has made it possible to non-invasively study the spatial distribution of the neural processing of eye movements in humans, on a scale that was only previously achieved using invasive methods in animals and non-human primates. With increasing accessibility and affordability of fMRI, the field of functional neuroimaging has grown in usage, sophistication, impact and range of uses (Bandettini, 2012). Here, we present a didactic introduction to the fMRI method, with a specific focus on eye movement research. We introduce the principles of magnetic resonance signal generation and the physiological basis of the fMRI signal; how to set up an fMRI experiment for eye movement research, and fundamental principles of fMRI data preparation and analysis. We then discuss the basic phenomena of the neural bases of eye movements that have been studied using fMRI.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    A small number of studies have used positron emission tomography (PET), which is another neuroimaging technique, to map the ocular motor system in the brain (e.g. Paus et al., 1993 or Sweeney et al., 1996). While PET possesses a number of unique advantages over fMRI such as relative insensitivity to participant motion, it is a more invasive technique with reduced temporal resolution. It has therefore largely been superseded by fMRI in recent years.

  2. 2.

    SPM: www.fil.ion.ucl.ac.uk/spm.

    FSL: fsl.fmrib.ox.ac.uk/fsl/fslwiki.

    AFNI: afni.nimh.nih.gov/afni.

    BrainVoyager: www.brainvoyager.com.

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Acknowledgements

S. Jamadar is supported by an Australian Research Council Discovery Early Career Researcher Award (ARC DECRA) DE150100406. B. P. Johnson is supported by a National Health and Medical Research (NHMRC) Peter Doherty Biomedical Early Career Research Fellowship (APP1112348).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Monash Institute for Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia

    Sharna D. Jamadar & Beth Johnson

  2. Monash Biomedical Imaging, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia

    Sharna D. Jamadar

  3. Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Integrative Brain Function, Melbourne, Australia

    Sharna D. Jamadar

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  1. Sharna D. Jamadar
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  2. Beth Johnson
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Correspondence to Sharna D. Jamadar .

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  1. Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany

    Christoph Klein

  2. Department of Psychology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Germany

    Ulrich Ettinger

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Jamadar, S.D., Johnson, B. (2019). Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Eye Movements: Introduction to Methods and Basic Phenomena. In: Klein, C., Ettinger, U. (eds) Eye Movement Research. Studies in Neuroscience, Psychology and Behavioral Economics. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-20085-5_12

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