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Frontier Nursing in Appalachia: History, Organization and the Changing Culture of Care pp 53–82Cite as

Centralized Versus Decentralized Structures in Appalachia

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Abstract

The term ‘knowledge is power’ came to prominence as formal knowledge began to be linked with political clout and the people who created, transmitted and applied this knowledge became the formal agents of it. With growth in the magnitude and complexity of formal knowledge came the development of professional disciplines. These disciplines became institutions with political, socio-economic and cultural identities of their own as well as the driving forces, which provided education to its members within other, larger institutional settings. Institutions began to address the increasing number of areas of human life to which their particular brand of knowledge could be applied and with this shift in a tendency toward rule by public debate and participation in decision making toward a rule by the new ‘knowledge brokers’ (intellectuals) came the inevitable move away from egalitarianism toward a more intellectual monocracy [1].

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Notes

  1. 1.

    FNS Summary of Executive Committee Minutes 1925–1935. 85M1: FNS, Box 2, Fol. 1. Includes resolution made on 10 March 1928 to invite the Dr. and Mrs. MacKenzie to the FNS and Breckinridge’s request for time off due to ‘exhaustion’, 14 November 1930. University of Kentucky in Lexington, USA.

  2. 2.

    Interview #82OH05FNS148, 1982, Dr. Mary Weiss (former FNS Medical Director) & Dr. Pauline Fox (former County Health Officer/Appalachia Regional Health Officer), Interviewed 14 February 1979. Interviewer: Dale Deaton.

  3. 3.

    85M1: FNS, Box 70, Fol. 9. ‘FNS Staff Meeting Minutes, 30 September 1965’, University of Kentucky in Lexington, USA.

  4. 4.

    Interview #82OH05FNS148, 1982, Dr. Mary Weiss (former FNS Medical Director) & Dr. Pauline Fox (former County Health Officer/Appalachia Regional Health Officer).

  5. 5.

    Margaret (Maggie) Willson, British former FNS Nurse-Midwife (1955–1967).

  6. 6.

    Interview #82OH03FNS146, 1982, Agnes Lewis, former long-time FNS Secretary.

  7. 7.

    Interview #78OH148FNS08 1978, Martha Lady, FNS Midwifery School Graduate of 1960.

  8. 8.

    Interview#82OH11FNS154, 1982. Wilma Duvall Whittlesey, FNS Secretary from 1929–1936.

  9. 9.

    Interview #82OH12FNS155, 1982, Betty Lester, former long-time FNS Nurse.

  10. 10.

    Interview #78OH147FNS07, 1978. Frank Bowling, long-time resident of Appalachia/Community Committee Member.

  11. 11.

    Reprint from Midwives Chronicle 1965 (p. 471). 200547M: FNS, Box 203, Fol. 1. ‘Are We Needed? by Helen E. Browne’, from Midwives Chronicle, the Official Journal of the Royal College of Midwives, Autumn.

  12. 12.

    Molly Lee, British former FNS Nurse-Midwife (1950–1970s).

  13. 13.

    Richard, Hospital emergency room staff nurse for 5 years; home health nurse for 4 years. Date surveyed: 31/12/2004; Loan, MS, Hospital operating room staff nurse for 2.5 years, research 5 years. Date surveyed: 21/01/2005; Morrison, S., Hospital staff nurse for 1 year, critical care for 10 years, pain management for 13 years. Date surveyed: 17/06/2005; Slamp, L., Hospital staff nurse for 2.75 years. Date surveyed: 08/10/2005; Ann, J., Hospital oncology nurse <1 year. Date surveyed: 05/09/2006; Scarfe, B., Hospital staff nurse for 6 years, critical care 2 years. Date surveyed: 9/10/2006.

  14. 14.

    Jean Corner-Rowan, British former FNS Nurse-Midwife (1964–1966).

  15. 15.

    Elizabeth ‘Hilly’ Hillman, British former FNS Nurse-Midwife (1949–1954).

  16. 16.

    Anne Lorentzen, American former FNS Nurse (1963–1965).

  17. 17.

    Guthrie D. A history of medicine (Bibliolife DBA of Bibilio Bazaar II LLC, Aug 8, 2015).

  18. 18.

    ‘FNS, The First Forty Years’, 1925–1965. 85M1: FNS, Box 29, Fol. 29. Mary Breckinridge, University of Kentucky in Lexington, USA.

  19. 19.

    Interview #78OH148FNS08 1978. Martha Lady.

  20. 20.

    QNI Report 1938. Nursing Student Records 1920–1950. Queen’s Nursing Institute, Surviving Student Records Spanning the Years 1920–1950. Royal College of Nursing Archives in Edinburgh, UK.

  21. 21.

    QNI Report 1938, (Nursing Student Records 1920–1950), p. 9.

  22. 22.

    Written Correspondence from the Central Midwifery Board to Queen Charlotte’s Maternity Hospital 1938. QNI Reports for the Years 1920–1946. Queen’s Nursing Institute Annual Reports to the Executive Committee. Royal College of Nursing Archives in Edinburgh, UK.

  23. 23.

    Written Correspondence to the Central Midwifery Board 1942, QNI Reports for the Years 1920–1946.

  24. 24.

    W.B. Beasley Letter to K.L. White at Johns Hopkins University, 14 April 1966. 2005M547: FNS, Box 227, Fol. 9. ‘W.B. Beasley Letter to K.L. White at Johns Hopkins University, 14 April 1966.’ This folder also contained a letter from Dr. Robert R. Huntley at the University of North Carolina dated, 26 April 1966 and a letter from Dr. Kurt W. Deuschle at the University of Kentucky dated, 16, May 1966 also vehemently opposing support of developing a Nurse Practitioner Program. University of Kentucky in Lexington, USA.

  25. 25.

    FNS Staff Meeting Minutes, 30 September 1965, 85M1: FNS, Box 220, Fol. 9. ‘FNS Staff Meeting Minutes (1965–1966)’, Including 18 March 1965, 30 September 1965, 1 September 1966, 20 January 1966. University of Kentucky in Lexington, USA.

  26. 26.

    FNS Staff Meeting Minutes, 30 January 1966, 85M1: FNS, Box 220, Fol. 9. ‘FNS Staff Meeting Minutes (1965–1966)’.

  27. 27.

    Interview #79OH229FNS121, 1982, Mary Martin & Phoebe Hawkins, former FNS Committee Members outside of Appalachia in the Service’s ‘latter years’, Interviewed 23 May 1979. Interviewer: Anne Campbell Ritchie.

  28. 28.

    Interview #78OH147FNS07, 1978. Frank Bowling.

  29. 29.

    Interview #82OH08FNS151, 1982, Kate Ireland, former FNS Courier (1951), Interviewed 1 November 1979. Interviewer: Dale Deaton.

  30. 30.

    Letter to Mary Breckinridge from Courtnay Dinwiddle, 24 February 1923, Denial of public funds for FNS, Frontier Nursing Service 1789–1985, ‘Mary Breckinridge Series: Correspondence 1925–1970’, University of Kentucky in Lexington, USA.

  31. 31.

    Interview #82OH05FNS148, 1982, Dr. Mary Weiss & Dr. Pauline Fox.

  32. 32.

    Interview #82OH08FNS151, 1982, Kate Ireland.

  33. 33.

    Interview#82OH11FNS154, 1982. Wilma Duvall Whittlesey.

  34. 34.

    FNS Spring Appeal 1942, 85M1: FNS, Box 29, Fol. 13.

  35. 35.

    Interview#82OH37FNS180. Thurston Morton, former Senator & Grandson of Mrs. Thurston Ballard who was very active in FNS committee work outside of Appalachia, Interviewed 24 October 1978. Interviewer: Carol Crowe-Carraco.

  36. 36.

    Interview#82OH37FNS180. Thurston Morton.

  37. 37.

    Interview#82OH34FNS177, 1982, Mary Stewart.

  38. 38.

    Breckinridge letter to Mrs. Thomas, 29 May 1952. 85M1: FNS, Box 119, Fol. 2. University of Kentucky in Lexington, USA.

  39. 39.

    Judie Pridie-Halse, British former FNS Nurse-Midwife (1960–1961), Date interviewed: 09/04/2005. Interviewer: Edith A. West.

  40. 40.

    Alice Herman, American former FNS Nurse (1956–1978).

  41. 41.

    Anne Lorentzen , American former FNS Nurse (1963 1965), Date surveyed: 29/12/2003. Date interviewed: 11/03/2005. Interviewer: Edith A. West.

  42. 42.

    85M1: FNS, Box 25, Fol. 6. ‘Letters from a Frontier Hospital by Charlotte Duggar, RN’, Reprint from ‘FNS Quarterly Bulletin, Spring 1940 (Vol. XV).

  43. 43.

    Interview #82OH09FNS 152, 1982, Sherman Wooten.

  44. 44.

    FNS Staff Meeting, 1 September 1966. 85M1: FNS, Box 220, Fol. 9. University of Kentucky in Lexington, USA.

  45. 45.

    FNS Summary of Executive Committee Minutes 1925–1935. 85M1: FNS, Box 2, Fol. 1.

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  1. Indiana University of Pennsylvania, Indiana, PA, USA

    Edie West

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West, E. (2019). Centralized Versus Decentralized Structures in Appalachia. In: Frontier Nursing in Appalachia: History, Organization and the Changing Culture of Care. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-20027-5_4

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