Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Developing Savoring Interventions for Use in Multicultural Contexts: Bridging the East-West Divide

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Positive Psychological Intervention Design and Protocols for Multi-Cultural Contexts

Abstract

Savoring is the capacity to attend to positive experiences and intentionally engage in thoughts and behaviors to regulate positive feelings that arise during those experiences. Greater enjoyment can occur through an increase in savoring responses that amplify the duration and intensity of positive feelings or through a decrease in responses that dampen positive feelings. Savoring is associated with greater psychological well-being, and evidence supports the effectiveness of savoring interventions for increasing happiness and life satisfaction. However, most savoring interventions, and positive psychological interventions more broadly, have been developed from a Western perspective, and may not be optimal for use in other cultures. Indeed, research suggests that the cultural backgrounds of participants should be considered before implementing savoring interventions. Differences in collectivistic versus individualistic motivations, fear of happiness, dialectical thinking, and traditional Asian (Confucian) values versus traditional Western values may limit the applicability of Western-based savoring interventions in Eastern cultures. For instance, a savoring intervention developed in a Western culture and designed to amplify positive feelings might not be appropriate for recipients who adhere to traditional Asian values, such as emotional self-control and humility. Instead, when implemented in an Eastern culture, this type of savoring intervention might better be modified to reduce dampening rather than to increase amplifying in response to positive events. This chapter provides a theoretical and empirical overview of savoring, describes key differences in savoring between Western and Eastern cultures, and discusses the implications of East-West cultural distinctions for shaping interventions designed to enhance savoring in the two types of cultures. Synthesizing these conceptual distinctions, we present an integrative heuristic model that provides a conceptual lens through which researchers can adapt savoring interventions across Eastern and Western cultures.

Oh, East is East and West is West and never the twain shall meet.

—Rudyard Kipling (1889), The Ballad of East and West

The West can teach the East how to get a living, but the East must eventually be asked to show the West how to live.

—Tehyi Hsieh (1948), Chinese Epigrams Inside Out and Proverbs

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 119.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 159.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 159.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Bagozzi, R. P., Wong, N., & Yi, Y. (1999). The role of culture and gender in the relationship between positive and negative affect. Cognition and Emotion, 13, 641–672.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Beaumont, S. L. (2011). Identity styles and wisdom during emerging adulthood: Relationships with mindfulness and savoring. Identity, 11, 155–180.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Beck, A. T. (1976). Cognitive therapy and the emotional disorders. New York: International Universities Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bloom, A. H. (1984). Caution—The words you use may affect what you say: A response to Au. Cognition, 17, 275–287.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Boehm, J. K., Lyubomirsky, S., & Sheldon, K. M. (2011). A longitudinal experimental study comparing the effectiveness of happiness-enhancing strategies in Anglo Americans and Asian Americans. Cognition and Emotion, 25, 1152–1167.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bond, D. K., & Borelli, J. L. (2017). Maternal attachment insecurity and poorer proficiency savoring memories with their children: The mediating role of rumination. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 34, 1007–1030.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Borelli, J. L., Rasmussen, H. F., Burkhart, M. L., & Sbarra, D. A. (2015). Relational savoring in long-distance romantic relationships. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 32, 1083–1108.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Browning, C. S., & Lehti, M. (Eds.). (2010). The struggle for the West: A divided and contested legacy. London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bryant, F. B. (2003). Savoring beliefs inventory (SBI): A scale for measuring beliefs about savouring. Journal of Mental Health, 12, 175–196.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bryant, F. B., Chadwick, E. D., & Kluwe, K. (2011). Understanding the processes that regulate positive emotional experience: Unsolved problems and future directions for theory and research on savoring. International Journal of Wellbeing, 1, 107–126.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bryant, F. B., Smart, C. M., & King, S. P. (2005). Using the past to enhance the present: Boosting happiness through positive reminiscence. Journal of Happiness Studies, 6, 227–260.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bryant, F. B., & Smith, J. L. (2015). Appreciating life in the midst of adversity: Savoring in relation to mindfulness, reappraisal, and meaning. Psychological Inquiry, 26, 315–321.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bryant, F. B., & Veroff, J. (2007). Savoring: A new model of positive experience. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum Associates.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carstensen, L. L., Isaacowitz, D. M., & Charles, S. T. (1999). Taking time seriously: A theory of socioemotional selectivity. American Psychologist, 54, 165–181.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chancellor, J., Layous, K., & Lyubomirsky, S. (2015). Recalling positive events at work makes employees feel happier, move more, but interact less: A 6-week randomized controlled intervention at a Japanese workplace. Journal of Happiness Studies, 16, 871–887.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chaplin, T. M. (2015). Gender and emotion expression: A developmental contextual perspective. Emotion Review, 7, 14–21.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Chen, M.-J., & Miller, D. (2011). The relational perspective as a business mindset: Managerial implications for East and West. Academy of Management Perspectives, 25, 6–18.

    Google Scholar 

  • Choi, H., Oishi, S., Shin, J., & Suh, E. M. (2018). Do happy events love company: Cultural variations in sharing positive events with others. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin. Published ahead of print. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167218789071.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Conway, M. A., Wang, Q., Hanyu, K., & Haque, S. (2005). A cross-cultural investigation of autobiographical memory: On the universality and cultural variation of the reminiscence bump. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 36, 739–749.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Csikszentmihályi, M. (1990). Flow: The psychology of optimal experience. New York: Harper & Row.

    Google Scholar 

  • Doob, L. (1971). Patterning of time. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eagly, A. H., & Wood, W. (1982). Inferred sex differences in status as a determinant of gender stereotypes about social influence. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 43, 915–928.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Eid, M., & Diener, E. (2001). Norms for experiencing emotions in different cultures: Inter- and intranational differences. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81, 869–885.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Eisenstein, M., & Bodman, J. (1993). Expressing gratitude in American English. In G. Kasper & S. Blum-Kulka (Eds.), Interlanguage pragmatics (pp. 64–81). New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Emmons, R. A., & McCullough, M. E. (2003). Counting blessings versus burdens: An experimental investigation of gratitude and subjective well-being in daily life. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84, 377–389.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ford, B. Q., Dmitrieva, J. O., Heller, D., Chentsova-Dutton, Y., Grossmann, I., Tamir, M. … Mauss, I. B. (2015). Culture shapes whether the pursuit of happiness predicts higher or lower well-being. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 144, 1053–1062.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Frijda, N. H., & Sundararajan, L. (2007). Emotion refinement: A theory inspired by Chinese poetics. Perspectives on Psychological Sciences, 2, 227–241.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gable, S. L., Reis, H. T., Impett, E. A., & Asher, E. R. (2004). What do you do when things go right? The intrapersonal and interpersonal benefits of sharing positive events. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 87, 228–245.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gentzler, A. L., Morey, J. N., Palmer, C. A., & Yi, C. Y. (2013). Young adolescents’ responses to positive events: Associations with positive affect and adjustment. Journal of Early Adolescence, 33, 663–683.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gross, J. J., & Levenson, R. W. (1997). Hiding feelings: The acute effects of inhibiting negative and positive emotion. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 106, 95–103.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Guo, T., Ji, L. J., Spina, R., & Zhang, Z. (2012). Culture, temporal focus, and values of the past and the future. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 38, 1030–1040.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hamamura, T. (2012). Are cultures becoming individualistic? A cross-temporal comparison of individualism-collectivism in the United States and Japan. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 16, 3–24.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hanh, T. N. (1998). The heart of the Buddha’s teachings: Transforming suffering into peace, joy, and liberation. New York: Broadway.

    Google Scholar 

  • Heine, S. J., & Hamamura, T. (2007). In search of East Asian self-enhancement. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 11, 4–27.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hou, W. K., Lau, K. M., Ng, S. M., Lee, T. M. C., Cheung, H. Y. S., Shum, T. C. Y. et al. (2016). Psychological detachment and savoring in adaptation to cancer caregiving. Psycho-oncology, 25, 839–847.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hurley, D. B., & Kwon, P. (2012). Results of a study to increase savoring the moment: Differential impact on positive and negative outcomes. Journal of Happiness Studies, 13, 579–588.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Inglehart, R., & Baker, W. E. (2000). Modernization, cultural change, and the persistence of traditional values. American Sociological Review, 65, 19–51.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Joshanloo, M. (2013). The influence of fear of happiness beliefs on responses to the satisfaction with life scale. Personality and Individual Differences, 54, 647–651.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Joshanloo, M. (2014). Eastern conceptualizations of happiness: Fundamental differences with Western views. Journal of Happiness Studies, 15, 475–493.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Joshanloo, M., Lepshokova, Z. K., Panyusheva, T., Natalia, A., Poon, W.-C., Yeung, V. W., & Jian, D.-Y. (2014). Cross-cultural validation of Fear of Happiness Scale across 14 national groups. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 45, 246–264.

    Google Scholar 

  • Joshanloo, M., & Weijers, D. (2014). Aversion to happiness across cultures: A review of where and why people are averse to happiness. Journal of Happiness Studies, 15, 717–735.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kalokerinos, E. K., Greenaway, K. H., Pedder, D. J., & Margetts, E. A. (2014). Don’t grin when you win: The social costs of positive emotion expression in performance situations. Emotion, 14, 180–186.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kim, S., & Bryant, F. B. (2017). The influence of gender and cultural values on savoring in Korean undergraduates. International Journal of Wellbeing, 7, 43–63.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kim, U., & Park, Y.-S. (2008). Cognitive, relational and social basis of academic achievement in Confucian cultures: Psychological, indigenous, and cultural perspectives. In R. M. Sorrentino & S. Yamaguchi (Eds.), Handbook of motivation and cognition across cultures (pp. 491–515). Amsterdam: Elsevier.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Kitayama, S., Markus, H. R., & Kurokawa, M. (2000). Culture, emotion, and well-being: Good feelings in Japan and the United States. Cognition and Emotion, 14, 93–124.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kluckhohn, F., & Strodtbeck, F. L. (1961). Variations in value orientations. Evanston, IL: Row & Peterson.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kubovy, M. (1999). On the pleasure of the mind. In D. Kahneman, E. Diener, & N. Schwarz (Eds.), Foundations of hedonic psychology: Scientific perspectives on enjoyment and suffering (pp. 134–154). New York: Russell Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kuppens, P., Realo, A., & Diener, E. (2008). The role of positive and negative emotions in life satisfaction judgment across nations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 95, 66–75.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kurtz, J. L. (2008). Looking to the future to appreciate the present: The benefits of perceived temporal scarcity. Psychological Science, 19, 1238–1241.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kurtz, J. L. (2015). Seeing through new eyes: An experimental investigation of the benefits of photography. Journal of Basic & Applied Sciences, 11, 354–358.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lambert, L., Passmore, H.-A., & Joshanloo, M. (2019). A positive psychological intervention program in a culturally-diverse university: Boosting happiness and reducing fear. Journal of Happiness Studies, 20, 1141–1162.

    Google Scholar 

  • Langston, C. A. (1994). Capitalizing on and coping with daily-life events: Expressive responses to positive events. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67, 1112–1125.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lao, J., Vizioli, L., & Caldara, R. (2013). Culture modulates the temporal dynamics of global/local processing. Culture and Brain, 1, 158–174.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Larsen, J. T., McGraw, A. P., & Cacioppo, J. T. (2001). Can people feel happy and sad at the same time? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81, 684–696.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Larsen, R. J. (2000). Toward a science of mood regulation. Psychological Inquiry, 11, 129–141.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Layous, K., Lee, H., Choi, I., & Lyubomirsky, S. (2013). Culture matters when designing a successful happiness-increasing activity: A comparison of the United States and South Korea. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 44, 1294–1303.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Levine, R. V., & Norenzayan, A. (1999). The pace of life in 31 countries. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 30, 178–205.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lillard, A. (1998). Ethnopsychologies: Cultural variations in theories of mind. Psychological Bulletin, 123, 3–32.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lu, L., & Gilmour, R. (2004). Culture and conceptions of happiness: Individual oriented and social oriented SWB. Journal of Happiness Studies, 5, 269–291.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lyubomirsky, S., & Layous, K. (2013). How do simple positive activities increase well-being? Current Directions in Psychological Science, 22, 57–62.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ma, X., Tamir, M., & Miyamoto, Y. (2018). A socio-cultural instrumental approach to emotion regulation: Culture and the regulation of positive emotions. Emotion, 18, 138–152.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Markus, H. R., & Kitayama, S. (1991). Culture and the self: Implications for cognition, emotion, and motivation. Psychological Review, 98, 224–253.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Matsumoto, D., Yoo, S. H., & Fontaine, J. (2008). Mapping expressive differences around the world: The relationship between emotional display rules and individualism versus collectivism. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 39, 55–74.

    Google Scholar 

  • Meehan, M. P., Durlak, J. A., & Bryant, F. B. (1993). The relationship of social support to perceived control and subjective mental health in adolescents. Journal of Community Psychology, 21, 49–55.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Miyamoto, Y., & Ma, X. (2011). Dampening and savoring positive emotions: A dialectical cultural script guides emotion regulation. Emotion, 11, 1346–1357.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ogihara, Y. (2017). Temporal changes in individualism and their ramifications in Japan: Rising individualism and conflicts with persisting collectivism. Frontiers in Psychology, 8, 1–12.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ogihara, Y. (2018). The rise of individualism in Japan: Temporal changes in family structure. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 49, 1219–1226.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ogihara, Y., Uchida, Y., & Kusumi, T. (2014). How do Japanese perceive individualism? Examination of the meaning of individualism in Japan. Psychologia, 57, 213–223.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Otake, K., Shimai, S., Tanaka-Matsumi, J., Otsui, K., & Fredrickson, B. L. (2006). Happy people become happier through kindness: A counting kindness intervention. Journal of Happiness Studies, 7, 361–375.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Oyserman, D., & Lee, S. W. S. (2008). A situated cognition perspective on culture: Effects of priming cultural syndromes on cognition and motivation. In R. M. Sorrentino & S. Yamaguchi (Eds.), Handbook of motivation and cognition across cultures (pp. 237–265). Amsterdam, The Netherlands: Elsevier.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Peng, K., & Nisbett, R. E. (1999). Culture, dialectics, and reasoning about contradictions. American Psychologist, 54, 741–754.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Quoidbach, J., Berry, E. V., Hansenne, M., & Mikolajczak, M. (2010). Positive emotion regulation and well-being: Comparing the impact of eight savoring and dampening strategies. Personality and Individual Differences, 49, 368–373.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Quoidbach, J., Wood, A., & Hansenne, M. (2009). Back to the future: The effect of daily practice of mental time travel into the future on happiness and anxiety. Journal of Positive Psychology, 4, 349–355.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ross, M., Heine, S. J., Wilson, A. E., & Sugimori, S. (2005). Cross-cultural discrepancies in self-appraisals. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 9, 1175–1188.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ryder, A. G., Alden, L. E., & Paulhus, D. L. (2000). Is acculturation unidimensional or bidimensional? A head-to-head comparison in the prediction of personality, self-identity, and adjustment. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79, 49–65.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Safdar, S., Friedlmeier, W., Matsumoto, D., Yoo, S., Kwantes, C., Kakai, H., & Shigemasu, E. (2009). Variations of emotional display rules within and across cultures: A comparison between Canada, USA, and Japan. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science, 41, 1–10.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schueller, S. M. (2010). Preferences for positive psychology exercises. Journal of Positive Psychology, 5, 192–203.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, J. L., & Bryant, F. B. (2016). The benefits of savoring life: Savoring as a moderator of life satisfaction in older adults. International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 84, 3–23.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, J. L., & Bryant, F. B. (2017). Savoring and well-being: Mapping the cognitive-emotional terrain of the happy mind. In M. D. Robinson & M. Eid (Eds.), The happy mind: Cognitive contributions to well-being (pp. 139–156). Cham, Switzerland: Springer.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, J. L., & Bryant, F. B. (2018). Enhancing perceptions of aging by savoring “life lessons.” Aging and Mental Health. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1080/13607863.2018.1450840.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, J. L., & Hanni, A. A. (2019). Effects of a savoring intervention on resilience and well-being of older adults. Journal of Applied Gerontology, 38, 137–152.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, J. L., Harrison, P. R., Kurtz, J. L., & Bryant, F. B. (2014). Nurturing the capacity to savor: Interventions to enhance the enjoyment of positive experiences. In A. C. Parks (Ed.), Handbook of positive psychological interventions (pp. 42–65). Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, J. L., & Hollinger-Smith, L. (2015). Savoring, resilience, and psychological well-being in older adults. Aging and Mental Health, 19, 192–200.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sobol-Kwapinska, M. (2013). Hedonism, fatalism and “carpe diem”: Profiles of attitudes toward present time. Time & Society, 22, 371–391.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Spencer-Rodgers, J., Peng, K., & Wang, L. (2010). Dialecticism and the co-occurrence of positive and negative emotions across cultures. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 41, 109–115.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Suh, E. M. (2000). Self, the hyphen between culture and subjective well-being. In E. Diener & E. M. Suh (Eds.), Culture and subjective well-being (pp. 63–86). London: MIT Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sundararajan, L. (2010). Two flavors of aesthetic tasting: Rasa and savoring—A cross-cultural study with implications for psychology of emotion. Review of General Psychology, 14, 22–30.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sundararajan, L., & Averill, J. R. (2007). Creativity in the everyday: Culture, self, and emotions. In R. Richards (Ed.), Everyday creativity and new views of human nature (pp. 195–220). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

    Google Scholar 

  • Szondy, M., Martos, T., Szabó-Bartha, A., & Pünkösty, M. (2014). The reliability and validity of the Hungarian version of the Abridged Ways of Savoring Checklist. Mental Health and Psychosomatics, 3, 305–316.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tweed, R. G., & Lehman, D. R. (2002). Learning considered within a cultural context: Confucian and Socratic approaches. American Psychologist, 57, 89–99.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Uchida, Y., Norasakkunkit, V., & Kitayama, S. (2004). Cultural constructions of happiness: Theory and empirical evidence. Journal of Happiness Studies, 5, 223–239.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wallis, H. (1965). The influence of Father Ricci on Far Eastern cartography. Imago Mundi, 19, 38–45.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wang, D., Wang, Y. C., & Tudge, J. R. H. (2015). Expressions of gratitude in children and adolescents: Insights from China and the United States. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 46, 1039–1058.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wood, J. V., Heimpel, S. A., & Michela, J. L. (2003). Savoring and dampening: Self-esteem differences in regulating positive affect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85, 566–580.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yau, O. H. M. (1988). Chinese cultural values: Their dimensions and marketing implications. European Journal of Marketing, 22, 44–57.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Mather LifeWays Institute on Aging, Evanston, IL, USA

    Jennifer L. Smith

  2. Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA

    Soyeon Kim & Fred B. Bryant

Authors
  1. Jennifer L. Smith
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Soyeon Kim
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Fred B. Bryant
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Jennifer L. Smith .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Industrial Engineering and Innovation Sciences, Human Performance Management Group, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, Noord-Brabant, The Netherlands

    Llewellyn Ellardus Van Zyl

  2. Optentia Research Focus Area, North-West University Vaal Triangle Campus, Vanderbijlpark, South Africa

    Sebastiaan Rothmann Sr.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2019 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Smith, J.L., Kim, S., Bryant, F.B. (2019). Developing Savoring Interventions for Use in Multicultural Contexts: Bridging the East-West Divide. In: Van Zyl, L., Rothmann Sr., S. (eds) Positive Psychological Intervention Design and Protocols for Multi-Cultural Contexts. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-20020-6_7

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation