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Neuroimmune Diseases pp 303–328Cite as

Multi-actions of Microglia

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Part of the book series: Contemporary Clinical Neuroscience ((CCNE))

Abstract

Microglia designate the innate immune cells of the central nervous system (CNS). Their morphology is closely related to their function, from the highly ramified resting phenotype in the healthy brain to the amoeboid-like morphology of the activated typical state of pathological conditions. Indeed, microglial cells act as resident macrophages of the brain in order to respond to injury or pathogens. Recent studies have underlined the function of microglia in physiological conditions, especially via the secretion of several cytokines which have an important impact on synaptic plasticity and cognition. We will discuss the origin, the discovery, and the different activation states of microglia. We will also review the current knowledge about the functions of microglia during CNS development, immune surveillance and their implication in neuronal networks and synaptic plasticity in both physiological and pathological conditions. Microglia could represent a genuine potential therapeutic target in the context of neuroimmune diseases.

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Abbreviations

11C-PK11195:

11C-1-(2-chlorophenyl)-N-[11C]methyl-N-(1-methylpropyl)-3-isoquinoline carboxamide

AD:

Alzheimer’s disease

AMPA:

Α-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid

APC:

Antigen-presenting cell

Arg1:

Arginase 1

ATP:

Adenosine triphosphate

Aβ:

Amyloid beta

BBB:

Blood-brain barrier

BDNF:

Brain-derived neurotrophic factor

CaMK:

Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase

CCL:

Chemokine ligand

CCR:

Chemokine receptor

CD:

Cluster of differentiation

CNS:

Central nervous system

COX-2:

Cyclooxygenase-2

CSF-1:

Colony-stimulating factor-1

CX3CL1:

C-X3-C chemokine ligand 1

CX3CR1:

C-X3-C chemokine receptor 1

DAMPs:

Damage-associated molecular patterns

DAP12:

DNAX-activating protein of 12 kDa

DC:

Dendritic cell

EAE:

Experimental autoimmune encephalitis

EGFP:

Enhanced green fluorescent protein

ERK:

Extracellular-signal-regulated kinase

GABA:

Γ-Aminobutyric acid

GAD65:

Glutamate decarboxylase 65

Gal-1:

Galectin-1

GDNF:

Glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor

GFP:

Green fluorescent protein

GluR2:

GluR2 subunit of AMPA receptor

Iba1:

Ionised calcium-binding adapter molecule 1

IdU:

5-iodo-2′-deoxyuridine

IFN-γ:

Interferon gamma

IGF-1:

Insulin-like growth factor-1

IL:

Interleukin

iNOS:

Inducible nitric oxide synthase

iPSCs:

Induced pluripotent stem cells

LPS:

Lipopolysaccharide

LTP:

Long-term potentiation

Ly6C:

Lymphocyte Antigen 6C

MAPK:

Mitogen-activated protein kinase

M-CSF:

Macrophage colony-stimulating factor

MHC class II:

Major histocompatibility complex class II

MS:

Multiple sclerosis

MW151:

4-Methyl-6-phenyl-3-(4-pyrimidin-2-ylpiperazin-1-yl)pyridazine (minozac)

NADPH:

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate

NFKB:

Nuclear factor kappa B

NGF:

Nerve growth factor

NMDA:

N-methyl-D-aspartate

NO:

Nitric oxide

NR2B:

NR2B subunit of NMDA receptor

P2RY12:

Purinergic receptor P2Y 12

PAMPs:

Pathogen-associated molecular patterns

PD:

Parkinson’s disease

PET:

Positron-emission tomography

PI3K:

Phosphoinositide 3-kinase

PKA:

Protein kinase A

PKC:

Protein kinase C

PLC-γ:

Phospholipase C gamma

PSD-95:

Postsynaptic density 95

ROS:

Reactive oxygen species

TGF-β:

Transforming growth factor beta

TMEM119:

Transmembrane protein 119

TNF-α:

Tumour necrosis factor alpha

TREM2:

Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2

TrkB:

Tropomyosin receptor kinase B

TSPO:

Translocator protein

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Mons, Mons, Belgium

    Célestine Brunois & Laurence Ris

  2. UMONS Research Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, Mons, Belgium

    Célestine Brunois & Laurence Ris

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  1. Célestine Brunois
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  2. Laurence Ris
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Correspondence to Célestine Brunois .

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  1. Medical Education Promotion Center, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan

    Hiroshi Mitoma

  2. Department of Neurology, CHU-Charleroi, Charleroi, Belgium, Department of Neurosciences, University of Mons, Mons, Belgium

    Mario Manto

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Brunois, C., Ris, L. (2019). Multi-actions of Microglia. In: Mitoma, H., Manto, M. (eds) Neuroimmune Diseases. Contemporary Clinical Neuroscience. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-19515-1_9

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