Procedural Embedding

Fenrich, Katrin

doi:10.1007/978-3-030-19281-5_3

Katrin Fenrich²

136 Accesses

Abstract

The second chapter will focus on the procedural embedding of the three procedures. It will examine first, the individual’s power to initiate proceedings (Sect. 3.1), second, the existence and scope of a local remedies rule (Sect. 3.2) and third, the consequences of parallel international proceedings (Sect. 3.3).

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Notes

1.
Keohane et al. (2000), p. 462 who define that “access [from a legal perspective] measures the range of social and political actors who have legal standing to submit a dispute to be resolved”; see also Scheinin (2007), p. 142 who states that “[f]or an assessment of the effectiveness of access to justice at the international level through complaint procedures under human rights treaties, the basic question is who can bring a case to these bodies”.
2.
Kolb (2013), p. 202; Matscher (1992), p. 594; Vicuna (2001), p. 57.
3.
Del Vecchio (2019), para. 1.
4.
Hildebrandt (2006), p. 33; for a comprehensive list of terms used as equivalents of standing see Matscher (1992), p. 594.
5.
van Aaken (2005), p. 4; Bray (1989), p. 34; Matscher (1992), p. 594; Thio (1971), p. 1; see also International Court of Justice, ‘Reparation for Injuries Suffered in the Service of the United Nations’ Advisory Opinion of 11 April 1949 1949 ICJ Reports 174, 177.
6.
Matscher (1992), p. 598.
7.
Amerasinghe (2003), p. 257.
8.
International Court of Justice, ‘Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Croatia v. Serbia): Preliminary Objections’ (Judgment of 18 November 2008) 2008 ICJ Reports 412, 432 para. 66.
9.
Matscher (1992), p. 598.
10.
van Aaken (2005), p. 4.
11.
Cabrillo and Fitzpatrick (2008), p. 17.
12.
Articles 34 and 35 ICJ Statute.
13.
Article 53 (1) Rome Statute.
14.
(Emphasis added); Article 14 (1) CERD; Articles 1 and 2 OP ICCPR; Article 2 OP ICESCR; Article 2 OP CEDAW; Article 22 (1) CAT; Article 5 (1) OP CRC; Article 77 (1) CRMW; Article 1 OP CRPD and Article 31 (1) CED.
15.
Amerasinghe (2006), p. 73.
16.
van Aaken (2005), p. 27; Lippman (1979), p. 266; Mose and Opsahl (1981), p. 299; Nowak (2005), p. 832 para. 6 (Article 2 First OP).
17.
Nowak (2005), Article 2 OP para. 1.
18.
Articles 1 and 2 OP ICCPR; see also Article 22 (1) CAT, Article 77 (1) CRMW as well as Article 31 (1) CED which are stipulated in the exact same manner.
19.
Article 2 OP ICESCR; Article 2 OP CEDAW; Article 5 (1) OP CRC; Article 1 OP CRPD.
20.
Article 14 (1) CERD.
21.
Rule 23 Title 28 United States Code Appendix of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure.
22.
Ulen (2011), p. 187.
23.
See Backhaus et al. (2011), p. 166; Ulen (2011), p. 191.
24.
van Aaken (2005), p. 8; Cassone and Ramello (2011), p. 208; Cenini et al. (2011), p. 230.
25.
Cenini et al. (2011), p. 230.
26.
Rule 94 (2) RoP ICCPR; see also Rule 8 (2) RoP ICESCR; Rule 65 (2) RoP CEDAW; Rule 111 (4) RoP CAT; Rule 17 (2) RoP CRC; Rule 67 RoP CRPD; Rule 71 (2) RoP CED.
27.
Cassone and Ramello (2011), p. 208.
28.
Black’s Law Dictionary defines “joinder” as “uniting with another person in some legal step or proceeding” ‘The Law Dictionary: Featuring Black’s Law Dictionary Free Online Legal Dictionary Second Edition’ (Published in 1910), pp. http://thelawdictionary.org/joinder/joinder.
29.
Aceves (2003), p. 363; Nowak et al. (2008), p. 744 para. 68 (Article 22); Nowak (2005), pp. 832 f. paras. 6 f. (Article 2 First OP).
30.
Human Rights Committee, ‘Lubicon Lake Band v. Canada’ (26 March 1990) Communication No. 167/1984.
31.
Ibid, para. 12 (a).
32.
Ibid, para. 14.
33.
Ibid, para. 13.3.
34.
Ibid.
35.
Ibid.
36.
Ibid, para. 13.4.
37.
Scheinin (2007), p. 143.
38.
Article 1 OP ICCPR.
39.
Nowak (2005), p. 829 para. 1 (Article 2 First OP); Nowak et al. (2008), p. 744 para. 68 (Article 22).
40.
Human Rights Committee, ‘Acuna Inostroza et al. (represented by Fundación de Ayuda Social de las Iglesias Cristianas) v. Chile: Decision on Admissibility’ (16 September 1999) Communication No. 717/1996, para. 1.
41.
Nowak (2005), p. 834 para. 12 (Article 2 First OP).
42.
Suggestion No. 7, Elements for an Optional Protocol to the Convention in CEDAW Committee, ‘Report of the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women: Fourteenth Session’ (31 March 1995) UN Doc. A/50/38, p. 9 para. 7.
43.
J. Connors in Freeman et al. (2012), p. 625 Article 2 Optional Protocol.
44.
J. Connors in Freeman et al. (2012), p. 624 Article 2 Optional Protocol.
45.
So the argument of China, see J. Connors in Freeman et al. (2012), p. 624 Article 2 Optional Protocol.
46.
See the line of argument put forward by Germany in CEDAW Committee, ‘B. J. v. Germany: Decision on Admissibility’ (14 July 2004) Communication No. 1/2003, para. 4.4.
47.
Article 77 (1) CWRM and Article 31 (1) CED.
48.
Article 2 OP ICESCR; Article 2 OP CEDAW; Article 5 (1) OP CRC; Article 1 OP CRPD.
49.
That is CERD, OP ICCPR and CAT.
50.
Rule 91 (b) RoP CERD; Rule 96 (b) RoP ICCPR; Rule 113 (a) RoP CAT.
51.
Rule 91 (b) RoP CERD; Rule 96 (b) RoP ICCPR; Rule 113 (a) RoP CAT.
52.
Article 2 OP ICESCR; Article 2 OP CEDAW; Rule 113 (a) RoP CAT; Article 5 (2) OP CRC. All of these provisions equally stipulate exceptions if the submitter presents reasonable justification for its inability to obtain the victim’s authorization; for the burden of demonstrating the necessity of third party representation see Lippman (1979), p. 266.
53.
Human Rights Committee, ‘Report of the Human Rights Committee: Thirty-Second Session’ (30 September 1977) UN Doc. A/32/44, p. 12 para. 66.
54.
Nowak (2005), pp. 835 f. para. 13 (Article 2 First OP).
55.
Human Rights Committee, ‘Report of the Human Rights Committee: Thirty-Third Session’ (22 November 1978) UN Doc. A/33/44, p. 99 para. 580.
56.
Human Rights Committee, ‘Moriana Hernandez Valentini de Bazzano v. Uruguay’ (15 August 1979) Communication No. 5/1977, para. 5 (c); Human Rights Committee, ‘Daniel Monguya Mbenge v. Zaire’ (25 March 1983) Communication No. 16/1977, para. 5 (i); Human Rights Committee, ‘Marieta Terán Jijón v. Ecuador’ (26 March 1992) Communication No. 277/1988, para. 1.1.
57.
Article 14 (1) CERD; Articles 1 and 2 OP ICCPR; Article 2 OP ICESCR; Article 2 OP CEDAW; Article 22 (1) CAT; Article 5 (1) OP CRC; Article 77 (1) CRMW; Article 1 OP CRPD and Article 31 (1) CED (emphasis added).
58.
United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, ‘In Larger Freedom: Towards Development, Security and Human Rights for All’ (26 May 2005) UN Doc. A/59/2005/Add.3, p. 30 para. 147; International Human Rights Instruments, ‘Concept Paper on the High Commissioner’s Proposal for a Unified Standing Treaty Body - Report by the Secretariat: Fifth Inter-Committee Meeting of the Human Rights Bodies, Geneva, 19–21 June 2006 Eighteenth Meeting of Chairpersons of the Human Rights Treaty Bodies, Geneva, 22–23 June 2006’ (22 March 2006) UN Doc. HRI/MC/2006/2; P. Alston, ‘Effective Implementation of International Instruments on Human Rights, Including Reporting Obligations Under International Instruments on Human Rights: Note by the Secretary-General’ (8 November 1989) UN Doc. A/44/668, pp. 68 ff. paras. 179 ff.; P. Alston, ‘Effective Functioning of Bodies Established pursuant to United Nations Human Rights Instruments: Final Report on Enhancing the Long-Term Effectiveness of the United Nations Human Rights Treaty System’ (27 March 1997) UN Doc. E/CN.4/1997/74, para. 94.
59.
Article 8 (1) CERD; Article 28 (1) ICCPR; ECOSOC/res/1985/17; Article 17 (1) CEDAW; Article 17 (1) CAT; Article 43 (1) CRC; Article 72 (1) (a) CRWM; Article 34 (1) CRPD; Article 26 (1) CED.
60.
Articles 3 (1) and 7 Protocol to the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights on the Establishment of the African Court on Human and Peoples’ Rights, entry into force on 25 January 2004.
61.
Article 34 (1) ICJ Statute; see also Amerasinghe (2003), p. 257; Kolb (2013), p. 259; Rosenne (2006a), p. 587 para. 163.
62.
Until 2003, 29% of total the number of contentious cases concerned delimitations, 28% concerned the use of force and 16% concerned property rights, Ginsburg and McAdams (2003), p. 75.
63.
For the legal fiction which is necessary in order to establish the Home State’s right to exercise Diplomatic Protection see above at Sect. 1.4.2; see also Vermeer-Künzli (2007b), pp. 44 ff.
64.
Albornoz (2006), p. 410.
65.
International Court of Justice, ‘Barcelona Traction, Light and Power Company, Limited (Belgium v. Spain): Second Phase’ (Judgment of 5 February 1970) 1970 ICJ Reports 3, 44 para. 79.
66.
International Law Commission, ‘Draft Articles on Diplomatic Protection with Commentaries published in Report of the International Law Commission’ (2006) UN Doc. A/61/10 22.
67.
Vermeer-Künzli (2007b), p. 47.
68.
Article 3 (1) DADP; see also International Law Commission op cit n 66 supra, p. 30 Article 3 para. 1.
69.
Ibid, p. 36 Article 5 para. 1.
70.
Separate Opinion of Judge Sir Gerald Fitzmaurice, ‘International Court of Justice, Barcelona Traction, Light and Power Company, Limited (Belgium v. Spain), Judgment of 5 February 1970’ 1970 ICJ Reports 64, 101 f. para. 63.
71.
Umpire Edwin B. Parker, ‘Administrative Decision No. V (United States v. Germany)’ (31 October 1924) VII UNRIAA 119, p. 141.
72.
International Law Commission op cit n 66 supra, p. 31 Article 5 para. 1.
73.
International Court of Justice, ‘Nottebohm (Liechtenstein v. Guatemala): Second Phase’ Judgment of 6 April 1955 1955 ICJ Reports 4, p. 23. The case concerned a controversy between Liechtenstein and Guatemala about the expropriation of a former German now Liechtenstein citizen after the Second World War.
74.
Ibid.
75.
Sloan (2009), p. 4.
76.
Sloan (2009), p. 3; Amerasinghe (2008), p. 116.
77.
International Law Commission op cit n 66 supra, pp. 29 f. Article 4 para. 5.
78.
Amerasinghe (2008), p. 97; International Law Commission op cit n 66 supra, p. 31 Article 5 para. 3; Dumberry (2007), p. 155.
79.
This constitutes the prevailing view and the approach chosen by the ILC in its Articles 5 (1) and 10 (1) DADP, see International Law Commission op cit n 66 supra, p. 31 Article 5 para. 4.
80.
Jennings and Watts (2008), pp. 512 f.; British-Mexican Claims Commission, ‘Minnie Stevens Eschauzier (Great Britain) v. United Mexican States’ (Decision of 24 June 1931) V UNRIAA 207, 209 para. 4.
81.
Umpire Edwin B. Parker op cit n 71 supra, p. 140.
82.
Ibid, p. 121.
83.
Ibid; see also British-Mexican Claims Commission op cit n 80 supra, 209 para. 5.
84.
Umpire Edwin B. Parker op cit n 71 supra, p. 140.
85.
Ibid.
86.
British-Mexican Claims Commission op cit n 80 supra, p. 210.
87.
Vermeer-Künzli (2007a), p. 567.
88.
International Law Commission op cit n 66 supra, p. 28 Article 2 para. 2.
89.
See Articles 3 (1) and 5 (1) DADP which refer to the entitlement to exercise Diplomatic Protection.
90.
See Vermeer-Künzli (2007b), p. 175.
91.
de Visscher (1968), p. 275.
92.
J. R. Dugard, ‘First Report on Diplomatic Protection by the Special Rapporteur Mr. John R. Dugard’ (2000) UN Doc. A/CN.4/506 and Add. 1, p. 223 Article 4 (1).
93.
See Peters (2016), p. 396; Pesch (2015), p. 61; Vermeer-Künzli (2007b), p. 175.
94.
Dugard op cit n 92 supra, p. 223 Article 4 (1).
95.
Borchard (1916), p. 29.
96.
International Court of Justice op cit n 65 supra, 44 para. 78.
97.
For the severe protest by many State representatives see e.g. Sepulveda on behalf of Mexico in United Nations General Assembly, ‘Official Records, Fifty-Third Session: Sixth Committee, Summary Record of the 16th Meeting’ (18 November 1998) UN Doc. A/C.6/53/SR.16, p. 3 paras. 17 f.; Benítez Saénz on behalf of Uruguay in ibid, 13 paras. 96 f.; Patriota on behalf of Brazil in ibid, p. 4 para. 20; O’Hara on behalf of Malaysia in United Nations General Assembly, ‘Official Records, Fifty-Third Session: Sixth Committee, Summary Record of the 15th Meeting’ (11 November 1998) UN Doc. A/C.6/53/SR.15, p. 6 para. 33; Reza on behalf of Indonesia in ibid, pp. 6 f. para. 37; Franklin Berman on behalf of United Kingdom in United Nations General Assembly, ‘Official Records, Fifty-Third Session: Sixth Committee, Summary Record of the 14th Meeting’ (11 November 1998) UN Doc. A/C.6/53/SR.14, pp. 1 f. para. 8.
98.
International Law Commission, ‘Report of the International Law Commission on the Work of its Fifty-Second Session: 1 May–9 June and 10 July–18 August 2000’ (2000) Volume II UN Doc. A/55/10, p. 78 paras. 450–453.
99.
Milano (2004), pp. 96 f.
100.
Emphasis added.
101.
International Law Commission op cit n 66 supra, pp. 95 f. para. 3.
102.
International Law Commission, ‘Yearbook of the International Law Commission: Report of the International Law Commission on the Work of its Forty-Eighth Session, 6 May–26 July 1996’ (1996) Volume II UN Doc. A/51/10, p. 137 para. 2.
103.
Federal Constitutional Court, ‘Rudolf Hess Case: Judgment of 16 December 1980’ (1992) 90 International Law Reports 387, 395 and 398.
104.
Supreme Court of Judicature, ‘Regina Abbasi v. Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs: Judgment of 6 November 2002’ (2003) 42 International Legal Materials 358, 381 paras. 98 f. and 382 para. 104.
105.
Constitutional Court of South Africa, ‘Samuel Kaunda and Others v. President of the Republic of South Africa and Others: Judgment of 4 August 2004’ (2005) 44 International Legal Materials 173, 207 para. 192.
106.
Peters (2016), p. 399.
107.
Supreme Court of Judicature op cit n 104 supra, 381 para. 99.
108.
Constitutional Court of South Africa op cit n 105 supra, 186 para. 75 and 207 para. 192; Supreme Court of Judicature op cit n 104 supra, 381 para. 99.
109.
Federal Constitutional Court op cit n 103 supra, 388.
110.
Peters (2016), pp. 398 f.; Pesch (2015), p. 61; Vermeer-Künzli (2007b), pp. 175 f.
111.
On reputational costs in international law see, e.g. Blandford (2010), pp. 674 ff.; Guzman (2010), pp. 71 ff.; Guzman (2008), p. 191; Abbott and Snidel (2000), p. 427.
112.
Brown additionally lists the following reasons for the initiation of international proceedings: “to obtain publicity and international support for their cause, or use the initiation of judicial proceedings as an additional source of pressure in dispute settlement negotiations.”, Brown (2007), p. 9.
113.
Rule 94 (1) RoP ICC; Ambos (2016), p. 198; Jorda and de Hemptinne (2002), p. 1407; Dwertmann (2010), p. 196.
114.
Article 75 (2) Rome Statute.
115.
Schabas (2016), p. 1142 (Article 75) who considers that the verb “may” indicates that a reparation order “is not mandatory”; Ambos states that Article 75 of the Statute “grants victims merely a potential right to reparation”, Ambos (2016), p. 198; Jorda and de Hemptinne (2002), p. 1407.
116.
Article 75 (1) Rome Statute states that the “Court may […] determine the scope and extent of any damage”, Rule 97 (1) RoP ICC iterates this discretionary power by establishing that the Court “may award reparations on an individualized basis”; see also Ambos (2016), p. 198; Jorda and de Hemptinne (2002), p. 1407; Dwertmann (2010), p. 67.
117.
Dwertmann (2010), p. 67; Timm (2001), p. 303.
118.
International Criminal Court, Appeals Chamber, ‘Order for Reparations (amended): Annex to Judgment on the Appeals against the “Decision Establishing the Principles and Procedures to be Applied to Reparations” of 7 August 2012’ (03 March 2015) ICC-01/04-01/06-3129-AnxA, p. 3 para. 11.
119.
Ibid, p. 5 para. 20.
120.
International Criminal Court, Appeals Chamber, ‘Judgment on the Appeals against the “Decision Establishing the Principles and Procedures to be Applied to Reparations” of 7 August 2012 with amended Order for Reparations (Annex A) and public Annexes 1 and 2’ (03 March 2015) ICC-01/04-01/06 A A 2 A 3, p. 36 para. 99; see also International Criminal Court, Trial Chamber I, ‘The Prosecutor v. Thomas Lubanga Dyilo : Decision Establishing the Principles and Procedures to be Applied to Reparations’ (07 August 2012) ICC-01/04-01/06-2904, pp. 64 f. para. 179.
121.
Dwertmann (2010), pp. 68 ff.
122.
International Criminal Court, Trial Chamber I op cit n 120 supra, p. 5 para. 20.
123.
Ambos (2016), pp. 201 f.
124.
International Criminal Court, Trial Chamber I op cit n 120 supra, p. 85 para. 260.
125.
Reparation/Compensation Stage, Official Website of the ICC, https://www.icc-cpi.int/Pages/ReparationCompensation.aspx.
126.
International Criminal Court, Trial Chamber I op cit n 120 supra, p. 5 para. 20; International Criminal Court, Appeals Chamber op cit n 120 supra, p. 25 para. 65.
127.
Olásolo (2005b), p. 122.
128.
Article 13 Rome Statute.
129.
See above at Sect. 2.1.3.
130.
See Article 12 (1) Rome Statute which states that “[a] State which becomes a Party to this Statute thereby accepts the jurisdiction of the Court with respect to the crimes referred to in article 5.”
131.
William A. Schabas; Giulia Pecorella in Triffterer (2016), p. 680 para. 13 (Article 12).
132.
Schabas (2016), p. 351 (Article 12).
133.
Article 13 (a) Rome Statute.
134.
Article 13 (b) Rome Statute.
135.
Article 13 (c) Rome Statute.
136.
Olásolo (2005b), p. 124.
137.
Olásolo (2005a), pp. 39 ff.
138.
Olásolo (2005b), p. 123; Safferling and Büngener (2012), p. 87.
139.
de Swardt (2009), p. 119.
140.
Guariglia (2014), p. 97.
141.
de Gurmendi Férnandez (2002), p. 177.
142.
This purpose was iterated by Argentina when the State submitted the proposal for the draft Article 15 during the negotiations of the Statute, de Gurmendi Férnandez (2002), p. 184.
143.
See Morten Bergsmo; Jelena Pejic; Dan Zhu in Triffterer (2016), p. 735 para. 25 (Article 15); Baumgartner (2008), p. 413.
144.
International Criminal Court, Office of the Prosecutor (2016), p. 6 para. 18; see also International Criminal Court, Office of the Prosecutor (2015), p. 5 para. 18.; Guariglia and Rogier (2015), p. 356.
145.
Brubacher (2004), p. 78; on the Role of NGOs in the context of the Rome Statute in general see Pace and Schense (2002).
146.
International Criminal Court, Office of the Prosecutor (2016), p. 6 para. 18; see also International Criminal Court, Office of the Prosecutor (2015), p. 5 para. 18.
147.
Guariglia and Rogier (2015), p. 357.
148.
International Criminal Court, Office of the Prosecutor (2016), p. 6 para. 19.
149.
Danner (2003), p. 515.
150.
de Swardt (2009), pp. 128 f.
151.
Emphasis added.
152.
Rule 94 (1) RoP ICC; Ambos (2016), p. 198; Jorda and de Hemptinne (2002), p. 1406.
153.
Jorda and de Hemptinne (2002), p. 1408.
154.
Rule 97 (1) RoP ICC.
155.
Following the requests of victims for reparations, the ICC opened the reparation stage of proceedings in the following cases: International Criminal Court, Trial Chamber VIII, ‘The Prosecutor v. Ahmad Al Faqi Al Mahdi : Judgment and Sentence’ (27 September 2016) ICC-01/12-01/15-171, p. 49; International Criminal Court, Trial Chamber II, ‘The Prosecutor v. Germaine Katanga : Order Instructing the Parties and Participants to File Observations in Respect of the Reparations Proceedings’ (1 August 2015) ICC-01/04-01/07-3532-tENG; International Criminal Court, Trial Chamber I, ‘The Prosecutor v. Thomas Lubanga Dyilo : Scheduling Order Concerning Timetable for Sentencing and Reparations’ (14 March 2012) ICC-01/04-01/06.
156.
International Criminal Court, Appeals Chamber op cit n 118 supra, para. 10.
157.
Ibid, p. 3 para. 10; International Criminal Court, Trial Chamber II, ‘Le Procureur c. Germain Katanga : Ordonnance de Réparation en Vertu de l’Article 75 du Statut, Accompagnée d’une Annexe Publique (Annexe I) et d’une Annexe Confidentielle ex parte Réservée au Représentant Légal Commun des Victimes, au Bureau du Conseil Public pour les Victimes et à l’Equipe de la Défense de Germain Katanga ’ (24 March 2017) ICC-01/04-01/07-3728, p. 50 para. 113.
158.
International Criminal Court, Trial Chamber VIII, ‘The Prosecutor v. Ahmad Al Faqi Al Mahdi : Reparation Order’ (17 August 2017) ICC-01/12-01/15-236, p. 27 para. 73.
159.
Ibid.
160.
Ibid.
161.
International Criminal Court, Trial Chamber I op cit n 120 supra, p. 69 para. 194; International Criminal Court, Trial Chamber II op cit n 157 supra, pp. 23 f. para. 39 and 50 para. 113.
162.
See David Donat-Cattin in Triffterer (2016), p. 1869 para. 31 (Article 75) who refers to the ICC in general as “victims friendly”.
163.
Dwertmann (2010), p. 208.
164.
Muttukumaru (2002), p. 269; see also Ambos (2016), p. 198.
165.
Jorda and de Hemptinne (2002), p. 1407.
166.
Muttukumaru (2002), p. 269.
167.
Jorda and de Hemptinne (2002), p. 1407.
168.
J. R. Dugard, ‘Second Report on Diplomatic Protection by the Special Rapporteur Mr. John R. Dugard’ (2001) UN Doc. A/CN.4/514, pp. 100 f. para. 5.
169.
International Court of Justice, ‘Interhandel (Switzerland v. United States of America): Preliminary Objections’ (Judgment of 21 March 1959a) 1959 ICJ Reports 6, p. 27; International Court of Justice, ‘Elettronica Sicula S.p.A. (ELSI) (United States of America v. Italy)’ (Judgment of 20 July 1989b) 1989 ICJ Reports 15, 42 para. 50; Borchard (1916), pp. 817 f. para. 381; Dugard op cit n 168 supra, p. 100 para. 5; Haesler (1968), p. 17; Adler (1990); Duruigbo (2006), p. 1248.
170.
D’Ascoli and Scherr (2007), p. 8.
171.
Amerasinghe (2006), p. 59.
172.
International Court of Justice op cit n 169 supra, p. 27.
173.
‘Ambatielos Claim (Greece v. United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland)’ (Decision of 6 March 1956) XII UNRIAA 87, p. 120.
174.
International Court of Justice op cit n 169 supra, p. 27.
175.
See Haesler (1968), pp. 144 f.; International Law Commission, ‘Report of the International Law Commission on the Work of its Fifty-Third Session, 23 April–1 June and 2 July–10 August 2001’ (2001) UN Doc. A/56/10, p. 304 para. 1.
176.
Haesler (1968), p. 144.
177.
Amerasinghe (2006), pp. 426 f.
178.
Dissenting Opinion of Judge Read, ‘International Court of Justice, Certain Norwegian Loans (France v. Norway)’ (Judgment of 6 July 1957) 1957 ICJ Reports 9, 97.
179.
Borchard (1916), p. 817 para. 381; Amerasinghe (2006), p. 57.
180.
Amerasinghe (2006), p. 61.
181.
Arbitrator Algot Bagge, ‘Claim of Finnish Shipowners against Great Britain in Respect of the Use of Certain Finnish Vessels During the War (Finland v. Great Britain)’ (Decision of 9 May 1934) III UNRIAA 1479, 1497.
182.
Amerasinghe (2006), p. 57.
183.
op cit n 173 supra, p. 120.
184.
Separate Opinion of Judge Sir Hersch Lauterpacht, ‘International Court of Justice, Certain Norwegian Loans (France v. Norway)’ (Judgment of 6 July 1957) 1957 ICJ Reports 34, p. 39; Amerasinghe (2006), p. 181.
185.
Article 46 (1) (a) Inter-American Charter of Human Rights; Article 35 (1) European Convention on Human Rights; Article 50 African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights.
186.
Article 14 (2) CERD; Article 5 (2) (b) OP ICCPR; Article 3 (1) OP ICESCR; Article 4 (1) OP CEDAW; Article 22 (4) (b) CAT; Article 7 (e) OP CRC; Article 77 (3) (b) CRMW; Article 2 (d) OP CRPD; Article 31 (2) (d) CED.
187.
(emphasis added) Article 14 (2) CERD; Article 5 (2) (b) OP ICCPR; Article 3 (1) OP ICESCR; Article 4 (1) OP CEDAW; Article 22 (4) (b) CAT; Article 7 (e) OP CRC; Article 77 (3) (b) CRMW; Article 2 (d) OP CRPD; Article 31 (2) (d) CED.
188.
Article 14 (2) CERD; Article 5 (2) (b) OP ICCPR; Article 3 (1) OP ICESCR; Article 4 (1) OP CEDAW; Article 22 (4) (b) CAT; Article 7 (e) OP CRC; Article 77 (3) (b) CRMW; Article 2 (d) OP CRPD; Article 31 (2) (d) CED.
189.
op cit n 173 supra, p. 120.
190.
CEDAW Committee, ‘Sahide Goecke v. Austria’ (6 August 2007) Communication No. 6/2005, paras. 11.1. to 11.4.
191.
Article 15 (a) and (b) DADP; for the discussion regarding these two exceptions see International Law Commission op cit n 66 supra, pp. 77 ff.
192.
Ibid, pp. 80 f. para. 7.
193.
Human Rights Committee, ‘R. T. v. France’ (30 March 1989) Communication No. 262/1987, para. 7.4; Human Rights Committee, ‘RLM v. France’ (6 April 1992) Communication No. 363/1989, para. 5.4.; Human Rights Committee, ‘A.M. v. Finland’ (23 July 1992) Communication No. 398/1990, para. 5.4.
194.
Human Rights Committee, ‘Patiño v. Panama’ (21 October 1994) Communication No. 437/1990, para. 5.2.
195.
Human Rights Committee, ‘Ann Maria Garcia Lanza de Netto v. Uruguay’ (3 April 1980) Communication No. 8/1977, para. 13; Human Rights Committee, ‘Luciano Weinberger Weisz v. Uruguay’ (29 October 1980) Communication No. 28/1978, para. 16; Human Rights Committee, ‘Alba Pietraroia Alba Pietraroia v. Uruguay’ (27 March 1981) Communication No. 44/1979, para. 17.
196.
Human Rights Committee, ‘Länsman et al. v. Finland’ (26 October 1994) Communication No. 511/1992, para. 6.2.; Human Rights Committee, ‘Jong-Kyu Sohn v. Republic of Korea’ (18 March 1994) Communication No. 518/1992, para. 6.2.; Human Rights Committee, ‘Champagnie, Palmer and Chisholm v. Jamaica’ (18 July 1994) Communication No. 445/1991, para. 5.1.
197.
Human Rights Committee op cit n 196 supra, para. 6.1.
198.
Ibid, para. 2.1.
199.
Ibid, para. 2.7.
200.
Ibid, para. 4.2.
201.
Ibid, para. 6.2.
202.
Human Rights Committee, ‘P. S. v. Denmark’ (22 July 1992) Communication No. 397/1990, para. 5.4.
203.
Human Rights Committee, ‘Douglas, Gentles and Kerr v. Jamaica’ (19 October 1993b) Communication No. 352/1989, para. 9.2.; Human Rights Committee, ‘Anthony Currie v. Jamaica’ (29 March 1994c) Communication No. 377/1989, para. 6; see also Human Rights Committee, ‘Robert Faurisson v. France’ (19 July 1995) Communication No. 550/1993, para. 4.5.; Human Rights Committee, ‘N. A. J. v. Jamaica’ (26 July 1990a) Communication No. 246/1987, para. 6.5.
204.
Human Rights Committee op cit n 203 supra, para. 9.2.; see also Human Rights Committee op cit n 203 supra, para. 6.
205.
Article 4 (1) OP CEDAW; Article 22 (4) (b) CAT; Article 7 (e) OP CRC; Article 77 (3) (b) CRMW; Article 2 (d) OP CRPD; Article 31 (2) (d) CED.
206.
See Human Rights Committee, ‘J. B. and H. K. v. France’ (25 October 1988) Communication No. 324 and 325/1988, para. 3.3.; Human Rights Committee, ‘H. C. M. A. v. the Netherlands’ (30 March 1989) Communication No. 213/1986, para. 11.3.; Human Rights Committee, ‘A. and S. v. Norway’ (11 July 1988) Communication No. 224/1987, para. 6.2. Although the Committee accepted the standard of futility regarding the obligation to exhaust domestic remedies, it considered this standard not to be fulfilled in these cases.
207.
See Nowak et al. (2008), p. 755 para. 99 (Article 22).
208.
See CAT Committee, ‘M.A. v. Canada’ (3 May 1995) Communication No. 22/1995, paras. 3 f.; CAT Committee, ‘P.M.P.K. v. Sweden’ (20 November 1995) Communication No. 30/1995, paras. 4 and 7; CAT Committee, ‘P. S. v. Canada’ (18 November 1999) Communication No. 86/1997, paras. 5.1. to 5.3, 6.3.
209.
CAT Committee op cit n 208 supra, para. 4.
210.
Human Rights Committee, ‘Earl Pratt and Ivan Morgan v. Jamaica’ (24 March 1988) Communication Nos. 210/1986 and 225/1987, para. 12.3.
211.
Nowak et al. (2008), p. 755 para. 99 (Article 22).
212.
Commission on the Status of Women, ‘Monitoring the Implementation of the Nairobi Forward-Looking Strategies for the Advancement of Women: Other Issues: Elaboration of a Draft Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women, Report of the Secretary-General’ (10 January 1996) UN Doc. E/CN.6/1996/10, p. 19 para. 85.
213.
Ibid, p. 19 para. 86.
214.
For the discussion of the HRC regarding the criterion of effectiveness see Trindade (1979), p. 757.
215.
Trindade (1979), p. 757.
216.
Human Rights Committee, ‘C. F. et al. v. Canada’ (12 April 1985) Communication No. 113/1981, para. 6.2.
217.
Jane Connors in Freeman et al. (2012), p. 635 Article 4 Optional Protocol.
218.
CAT Committee, ‘A. H. v. Sweden’ (8 February 2005) Communication No. 265/2005, para. 11.1.; CAT Committee, ‘A. A. C. v. Sweden’ (6 February 2003) Communication No. 227/2003, para. 7.1.; CAT Committee, ‘N. Z. S. v. Sweden’ (29 November 2006) Communication No. 277/2005, para.7; Jane Connors in Freeman et al. (2012), p. 636 Article 4 Optional Protocol.
219.
CAT Committee op cit n 218 supra, para. 7.1.
220.
Human Rights Committee op cit n 203 supra, para. 10.3.; Human Rights Committee, ‘D. B. B. v. Zaire’ (8 November 1991) Communication No. 463/1991, para. 4.2.
221.
Ibid; see also Human Rights Committee op cit n 203 supra, para. 10.3.
222.
Rule 69 (6) RoP CEDAW; Human Rights Committee op cit n 195 supra, para. 13; see also Nowak (2005), pp. 889 f. para. 31 (Article 5 First OP).
223.
Human Rights Committee op cit n 195 supra, para. 13; see also CAT Committee, ‘Blanco Abad v. Spain’ (14 May 1998) Communication No. 59/1996, para. 5.1.
224.
Scheinin (2007), p. 140.
225.
Human Rights Committee, ‘K.L. v. Peru’ (22 November 2005) Communication No. 1153/2003, para. 3.1.
226.
Ibid, paras. 1-2.9.
227.
Ibid, para. 2.8.
228.
Ibid, paras. 4 and 5.2.
229.
Ibid, para. 4.
230.
Ibid, para. 5.2.
231.
For the general obligation to exhaust domestic remedies in a Diplomatic Protection case before the ICJ see Kolb (2013), pp. 219 f.
232.
See above at Sect. 1.4.2.
233.
The interests of the Home State correspond to the individual’s interests, Amerasinghe (2006), p. 61.
234.
International Court of Justice op cit n 169 supra, p. 27; International Court of Justice op cit n 169 supra, 46 para. 59; see also International Law Commission op cit n 175 supra, p. 306 para. 4 (Article 44); International Law Commission op cit n 66 supra, p. 71 para. 1 (Article 14).
235.
Article 44 Articles on the Responsibility of States for International Wrongful Acts, printed in International Law Commission op cit n 175 supra, pp. 32 ff.
236.
Articles 14 and 15 DADP.
237.
International Court of Justice op cit n 169 supra, 56 para. 59.
238.
Arbitrator Algot Bagge op cit n 181 supra, p. 1502.
239.
International Court of Justice op cit n 169 supra, p. 27.
240.
op cit n 173 supra, p. 120.
241.
International Court of Justice, ‘Ahmadou Sadio Diallo (Republic of Guinea v. Democratic Republic of the Congo): Preliminary Objections’ (Judgment of 24 May 2007) 2007 ICJ Reports 582, 601 para. 47.
242.
Only those administrative bodies which can render binding decisions fulfill this definition, International Law Commission op cit n 66 supra, p. 72 para. 5 (Article 14).
243.
Arbitrator Algot Bagge op cit n 181 supra, 1503 f.; Amerasinghe (2006), pp. 205 ff.
244.
European Commission of Human Rights, ‘Retimag S.A. v. Federal Republic of Germany: Application No. 712/60’ (16 December 1961) 4 Yearbook of the European Convention on Human Rights 385, p. 400; European Commission of Human Rights, ‘X, Y and Z v. United Kingdom: Application Nos. 8022/77, 8027/77’ (8 December 1979) 18 European Commission of Human Rights, Decisions and Reports 66, p. 74.
245.
Arbitrator Algot Bagge op cit n 181 supra.
246.
Ibid, p. 1503.
247.
European Commission of Human Rights op cit n 244 supra, p. 400.
248.
Based on Separate Opinion of Judge Sir Hersch Lauterpacht op cit n 184 supra, p. 39.
249.
International Law Commission op cit n 66 supra, p. 76 Article 15 (a).
250.
Separate Opinion of Judge Sir Hersch Lauterpacht op cit n 184 supra, p. 39.
251.
International Law Commission op cit n 66 supra, p. 77 para. 1 (Article 15).
252.
International Court of Justice op cit n 169 supra, 26 ff.; International Court of Justice op cit n 169 supra, 44 para. 46; International Court of Justice, ‘LaGrand (Germany v. United States of America)’ Judgment of 27 June 2001 ICJ Reports 466, 487 f. paras. 58 ff.
253.
Separate Opinion of Judge Sir Hersch Lauterpacht op cit n 184 supra, 39 ff.
254.
International Court of Justice op cit n 252 supra, 488 para. 59.
255.
Ibid.
256.
International Court of Justice op cit n 241 supra, 600 para. 43.
257.
(Emphasis added) ibid, 601 para. 48.
258.
Ibid, 600 para. 44.
259.
See Article 26 Convention on the Settlement of Investment Disputes between States and Nationals of Other States (18 March 1965), 575 UNTS 159 as one example for an express waiver.
260.
Amerasinghe (2003), pp. 290 f.
261.
International Court of Justice op cit n 169 supra, 42 para. 50.
262.
Benzing (2003), p. 595; Kleffner (2008), p. 1; Stigen (2008), p. 15; William A. Schabas; Mohamed M. El Zeidy in Triffterer (2016), p. 784 para. 1 (Article 17); de Swardt (2009), p. 123.
263.
Stigen (2008), p. 15.
264.
Article 17 (1) (a) and (b) Rome Statute.
265.
Nerlich (2009).
266.
Holmes (2002), p. 42.
267.
International Law Commission, ‘Draft Statute for an International Criminal Court with Commentaries’ (1994) Volume II Yearbook of the International Law Commission, p. 27 para. 1.
268.
Article 17 (1) (a) Rome Statute reads as follows: “[…] unless the State is unwilling or unable genuinely to carry out the investigation or prosecution”.
269.
See Articles 17 (1) (c) Rome Statute which renders a case inadmissible if “[t]he person concerned has already been tried for conduct which is the subject of the complaint”.
270.
Stigen (2008), p. 19.
271.
According to Schabas, “[a]dmissibility is about the exercise of jurisdiction rather than its existence. The Court may have jurisdiction over a case, but for the reasons set out in Article 17, it may decline to exercise it”, Schabas (2016), p. 451 (Article 17).
272.
William A. Schabas; Mohamed M. El Zeidy in Triffterer (2016), pp. 783 f. para. 1 (Article 17); Nerlich (2009), p. 346; Holmes (2002), p. 41; Benzing (2003), p. 593.
273.
International Criminal Court, Appeals Chamber, ‘Prosecutor v. Saif Al-Islam Gaddafi and Abdullah Al-Senussi: Judgment on the Appeal of Mr Abdullah Al-Senussi against the Decision of Pre-Trial Chamber I of 11 October 2013 entitled ‘Decision on the admissibility of the case against Abdullah Al-Senussi”’ (24 July 2014) ICC-01/11-01/11-565, p. 81 para. 215.
274.
Preparatory Committee, ‘Report of the Preparatory Committee on the Establishment of an International Criminal Court: Volume I’ (1996) UN Doc. A/51/22, para. 154; Office of the Prosecutor, ‘Informal Expert Paper: The Principle of Complementarity in Practice’ (2003) ICC-01/04-01/07-1008-AnxA, p. 1 para. 1.
275.
Kleffner (2008), pp. 3, 96, 341 ff.
276.
Holmes (2002), p. 73; Fairlie (2005); Czarnetzky and Rychlak (2003), p. 94; Stigen (2008), p. 80.
277.
Holmes (2002), p. 42.
278.
Fairlie (2005), p. 817.
279.
Preparatory Committee op cit n 274 supra, para. 153; William A. Schabas; Mohamed M. El Zeidy in Triffterer (2016), p. 789 para. 10 (Article 17).
280.
Holmes (2002), p. 49; William A. Schabas; Mohamed M. El Zeidy in Triffterer (2016), p. 804 para. 41 (Article 17).
281.
Holmes (2002), p. 74.
282.
Stigen (2008), p. 187.
283.
Holmes (2002), p. 74.
284.
Article 17 (1) (b) Rome Statute contains the same two exclusion criteria: “The case has been investigated by a State which has jurisdiction over it and the State has decided not to prosecute the person concerned, unless the decision resulted from the unwillingness or inability of the State genuinely to prosecute.”
285.
Article 17 (1) (a) Rome Statute.
286.
Article 17 (1) (b) Rome Statute.
287.
Article 17 (2) Rome Statute.
288.
Stigen (2008), p. 219.
289.
International Criminal Court, Office of the Prosecutor (2011), p. 14 para. 56. The ICC equally applied these criteria in, inter alia, International Criminal Court, Pre-Trial Chamber I, ‘Prosecutor v. Saif Al-Islam Gaddafi and Abdullah Al-Senussi: Public Redacted-Decision on the Admissibility of the Case against Saif Al-Islam Gaddafi’ (31 May 2013) ICC-01/11-01/11-344-Red, pp. 85–87 paras. 206–214.
290.
van der Wilt (2015), p. 215.
291.
Stigen (2008), p. 317.
292.
Stigen (2008), p. 251.
293.
International Criminal Court, Office of the Prosecutor (2016), p. 58 para. 254.
294.
Stigen (2008), p. 251.
295.
Stigen (2008), p. 259.
296.
Schabas (2016), p. 467 (Article 17).
297.
International Criminal Court, Office of the Prosecutor (2011), p. 13 para. 51.
298.
Article 17 (2) (b) and (c) Rome Statute.
299.
International Criminal Court, Office of the Prosecutor, ‘Report on Preliminary Examination Activities’ (2013), para. 170.
300.
International Criminal Court, Office of the Prosecutor (2016), p. 58 para. 257.
301.
International Criminal Court, Office of the Prosecutor (2016), p. 58 para. 257.
302.
International Criminal Court, Appeals Chamber, ‘Prosecutor v. Germain Katanga and Mathieu Ngudjolo Chui: Judgment on the Appeal of Mr. Germain Katanga against the Oral Decision of Trial Chamber II of 12 June 2009 on the Admissibility of the Case’ (15 September 2009) ICC-01/04-01/07-1497, p. 29 para. 78; International Criminal Court, Pre-Trial Chamber I, ‘The Prosecutor v. Thomas Lubanga Dyilo : Decision on the Prosecutor’s Application for Warrants of Arrest, Article 58 (annexed to Decision concerning Pre-Trial Chamber I’s Decision of 10 February 2006 and the Incorporation of Documents into the Record of the Case against Mr Thomas Lubanga Dyilo , ICC-01/04-01/06-8-Corr (24 February 2006))’ (10 February 2006) ICC-01/04-01/06, pp. 23 f. para. 40; Drumbl (2011), p. 200; Schabas (2016), p. 455 (Article 17); Stigen (2008), p. 199.
303.
International Criminal Court, Pre-Trial Chamber I op cit n 302 supra, pp. 23 f. para. 40.
304.
International Criminal Court, Appeals Chamber op cit n 302 supra, p. 29 para. 78
305.
Benzing (2003), p. 628; Bergsmo (1998), p. 359; Stigen (2008), p. 481; Kleffner (2008), pp. 203 f.
306.
Benzing (2003), pp. 628 f.; International Criminal Court, Appeals Chamber, ‘Prosecutor v. William Samoei Ruto, Henry Kiprono Kosgey and Joshua Arap Sang: Judgment on the Appeal of the Republic of Kenya against the Decision of Pre-Trial Chamber II of 30 May 2011 Entitled ‘Decision on the Application by the Government of Kenya Challenging the Admissibility of the Case Pursuant to Article 19 (2) (b) of the Statute’ (30 August 2011) ICC-01/09-01/11-307, pp. 23 f. para. 62; Kleffner (2008), p. 204.
307.
International Criminal Court, Pre-Trial Chamber II, ‘Prosecutor v. William Samoei Ruto, Henry Kiprono Kosgey and Joshua Arap Sang: Decision on the Application of the Republic of Kenya Challenging the Admissibility of the Case Pursuant to Article 19 (2) (b) of the Statute’ (30 May 2011) ICC-01/09-01/11-101, pp. 24 and 25 f. paras. 60, 64 f.; Schabas (2016), p. 459 (Article 17).
308.
Benzing (2003), p. 628; Cassese (1999), p. 158.
309.
Shany (2014), p. 79.
310.
International Criminal Court, Pre-Trial Chamber I op cit n 302 supra, p. 60 para. 136.
311.
Charney (1999), p. 698; Guillaume (1995), pp. 848 f.; Oellers-Frahm (2001), p. 69.
312.
Reinisch (2019), para. 2; Kolb (2013), p. 878.
313.
Oellers-Frahm (2001), p. 69.
314.
For the horizontal and vertical allocation of jurisdictional power in international criminal law see William A. Schabas; Mohamed M. El Zeidy in Triffterer (2016), p. 783 para. 1 footnote 1 (Article 17).
315.
Reinisch (2019), paras. 4 and 10; Sotomayor (2009), p. 77.
316.
Oellers-Frahm (2001), pp. 70 and 73; Reinisch (2019), para. 2; Gaja (2012), pp. 582 f. para. 23.
317.
Reinisch (2019), para. 2; on the issue of forum shopping see generally Phuong (2007), pp. 385 ff.; Sotomayor (2009); Salles (2014).
318.
Sotomayor (2009), p. 77.
319.
Colangelo (2009), p. 778; Conway (2003); Geiß (2019), para. 1; Immi Tallgren; Astrid Reisinger Coracini in Triffterer (2016), p. 901 para. 1 (Article 20).
320.
Bayefsky (2002), p. 136.
321.
See Salles (2014), p. 36.
322.
Emphasis added.
323.
Aceves (2003), p. 364; Nowak (2005), pp. 875 f. paras. 6 f. (Article 5 First OP); Schwelb (1968), p. 866; Schwelb (1977), p. 184.
324.
Nowak (2005), p. 875 para. 6 (Article 5 First OP).
325.
The Convention together with its Article 14 was adopted on 21 December 1965, UN Doc. GA/Res/2106 (XX); the draft Declaration on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination had been adopted two years earlier in 1963, UN Doc. GA/Res/1904 (XXVIII).
326.
Rules of Procedure of the Committee on the Elimination of all Forms of Racial Discrimination, UN Doc. CERD/C/35/Rev.3 (1986).
327.
Although the effect might have been unintended, the decision to limit the inadmissibility to proceedings under parallel review by another international procedure was intentional as an earlier draft proves which still included the words “has not been”, former Article 41 bis (6) (a) (i) of the revised amendment jointly submitted by Canada, Columbia, Costa Rica, Ghana, Jamaica and the Netherlands, the Philippines and Uruguay (UN Doc. A/C.3/L.1402/Rev.2) in Bossuyt (1987), p. 797.
328.
The Council of Europe’s decision-making body, Article 13 ff. Statute of the Council of Europe.
329.
Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe (15 May 1970) Resolution (70) 17.
330.
United Nations, ‘Multilateral Treaties Deposited with the Secretary-General’ https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ParticipationStatus.aspx, Chapter IV No. 5; see also Phuong (2007), p. 386.
331.
See, inter alia, the declaration of Austria, available at United Nations op cit n 330 supra, Chapter IV No. 5 (emphasis added).
332.
Human Rights Committee, ‘Duilio Fanali v. Italy’ (31 March 1983) Communication No. 75/1980, para. 7.2.
333.
Human Rights Committee, ‘Werner Petersen v. Germany’ (1 April 2004) Communication No. 1115/2002, para. 6.3.
334.
Human Rights Committee op cit n 332 supra, para. 7.2.; Human Rights Committee, ‘Carl Henrik Blom v. Sweden’ (4 April 1988) Communication No. 191/1985, para. 7.2.; Human Rights Committee, ‘Sanchez Lopez v. Spain’ (25 November 1999) Communication No. 777/1997, para. 6.2.
335.
Phuong (2007), p. 391.
336.
Human Rights Committee, ‘Luis Bertelli Gálvez v. Spain’ (25 July 2005), para. 4.3.
337.
Declared inadmissible due to non-exhaustion of local remedies: ibid; Human Rights Committee, ‘Wdowiak v. Poland’ (31 October 2006) Communication No. 1446/2006, para. 6.2.; declared inadmissible due to delay: Human Rights Committee, ‘Dusan Soltes v. Czech Republic and Slovak Republic’ (25 October 2005) Communication No. 1034-5/2001, para. 7.2.
338.
If the case has, however, been considered to be manifestly ill-founded, the HRC equally dismisses the complaint, Human Rights Committee, ‘A. M. v. Denmark’ (23 July 1982) Communication No. 121/1982, paras. 4–6; Human Rights Committee, ‘Walter Kollar v. Austria’ (30 July 2003) Communication No. 989/2001, para. 8.4.
339.
Article 22 (4) (a) CAT.
340.
Identical wording of Article 3 (2) (c) OP ICESRC; Article 4 (2) (a) OP CEDAW; Article 7 (d) OP CRC; Article 77 (3) (a) CRMW; Article 2 (c) OP CRPD.
341.
Article 22 (4) (c) CAT.
342.
Nowak et al. (2008), p. 752 para. 90 (Article 22).
343.
CAT Committee, ‘V.X.N. and H.N. v. Sweden’ (15 May 2000) Communication Nos. 130/1999 and 131/1999, para. 13.1.
344.
According to Phuong “the Committee has interpreted [Article 5 (2) (a) OP ICCPR] in a relatively restrictive manner in order to reduce the effects of the limitation”, Phuong (2007), p. 386.
345.
On the issue of Human Rights and the ICJ see Crook (2003), pp. 2 ff.; Ghandhi (2011), pp. 527 ff.; Higgins (2007), pp. 745 ff.
346.
Article 36 (1) ICJ Statute.
347.
International Court of Justice, ‘Ahmadou Sadio Diallo (Republic of Guinea v. Democratic Republic of the Congo)’ (Judgment of 30 November 2010) 2010 ICJ Reports 639 ff.
348.
Ibid, 663–667 paras. 64–74.
349.
Article 41 (1) ICCPR.
350.
United Nations op cit n 330 supra, Chapter IV No. 4.
351.
On the relevance of the inter-State dispute settlement procedure before the HRC see Ghandhi (2011), p. 532.
352.
Article 11 (1) CERD; Article 10 (1) OP ICESCR; Article 29 (1) CEDAW; Article 21 CAT; Article 12 (1) OP CRC; Article 74 (1) CRMW; Article 32 CED.
353.
As Gaya points out “a dispute is covered by a plurality of instruments, which select different methods of settlement”, Gaja (2012), pp. 577 f. para. 12.
354.
Article 87 (1) Rules of Court, adopted on 14 July 1978 and entered into force on 1 July 1978, available at http://www.icj-cij.org/en/rules.
355.
Rosenne (2006b), p. 1193 para. 298.
356.
Gaja (2012), p. 578 para. 14.
357.
Kolb (2013), p. 863.
358.
Kolb (2013), p. 874.
359.
Kolb (2013), p. 874; Gaya equally acknowledges that the Court may consider whether it should exercise jurisdiction, Gaja (2012), p. 578 para. 14.
360.
International Court of Justice, ‘Northern Cameroons (Cameroon v. United Kingdom): Preliminary Objections’ Judgment of 2 December 1963 ICJ Reports 15, 37; Fitzmaurice comprehensively discusses the issue of “judicial propriety” in his Separate Opinion, Separate Opinion of Judge Sir Gerald Fitzmaurice, ‘International Court of Justice, Northern Cameroons (Cameroon v. United Kingdom)’ (Judgment of 2 December) 1963 ICJ Reports 97, 100–107.
361.
International Court of Justice, ‘Legal Consequences of the Construction of a Wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory’ (Advisory Opinion of 9 July) 2004 ICJ Reports 136, 177 ff. paras. 102 ff.
362.
Ibid, 179 para. 109.
363.
On the relevance of the HRC’s output see Shelton (2013), pp. 639 ff.
364.
International Court of Justice op cit n 347 supra, 663 para. 66.
365.
Ibid.
366.
International Law Commission op cit n 66 supra, p. 86 para. 1 (Article 16); Barnidge (2015), p. 48.
367.
International Law Commission op cit n 66 supra, p. 87 para. 2 (Article 16).
368.
Ibid, pp. 87 f. para. 3 (Article 16).
369.
Vermeer-Künzli (2007b), p. 112.
370.
The tribunal was established on 30 May 2007, United Nations, Security Council (30 May 2007) UN Doc. S/RES/1757.
371.
The tribunal was established on 25 May 1993, United Nations, Security Council (25 May 1993) UN Doc. S/RES/827.
372.
The tribunal was established on 8 November 1994, United Nations, Security Council (8 November 1994) UN Doc. S/RES/955.
373.
The jurisdiction ratione temporis of the ICC delimits its power to prosecute “crimes committed after the entry into force of this Statute”, Article 11 (1) Rome Statute. According to Articles 1 and 8 of the ICTY Statute, the tribunal’s temporal jurisdiction “shall extend to a period beginning on 1 January 1991.” The overlapping mandate does thus potentially create the risk of conflicting jurisdictions, Bohlander (2002), p. 688; Immi Tallgren; Astrid Reisinger Coracini in Triffterer (2016), p. 916 para. 26 (Article 20).
374.
See Stigen who argues that “article 17(1) (a) and (b) apply mutatis mutandis to internationalised proceedings provided there is sufficient national involvement in the total effort”, Stigen (2008), p. 235.
375.
The chapeau of Article 17 (1) explicitly refers to paragraph 10 of the Preamble and Article 1 of the Statute which both “[e]mphasiz[e] that the International Criminal Court established under this Statute shall be complementary to national criminal jurisdictions” (emphasis added); see above at Sect. 3.2.3.
376.
Immi Tallgren; Astrid Reisinger Coracini in Triffterer (2016), pp. 915 f. paras. 25 f. (Article 20); Stigen (2008), p. 233.
377.
Colangelo (2009), p. 819.
378.
Colangelo (2009), p. 778; Conway (2003), p. 217; Geiß (2019), para. 1; Immi Tallgren, Astrid Reisinger Coracini in Triffterer (2016), p. 901 para. 1 (Article 20).
379.
Immi Tallgren; Astrid Reisinger Coracini in Triffterer (2016), p. 903 para. 5 (Article 20).
380.
Stigen (2008), p. 233; Benzing and Bergsmo (2004), pp. 411–413.
381.
Emphasis added.
382.
Benzing and Bergsmo (2004), pp. 411–413; Stigen (2008), p. 233.
383.
Bohlander (2002), p. 688.
384.
Bohlander (2002), p. 688.
385.
Donat-Cattin in Triffterer (2016), Article 75 para. 6; Dwertmann (2010), p. 1; Evans (2012), p. 86.
386.
According to Guzman, States “have almost complete freedom over [the treaty] design” establishing international courts, Guzman (2008), p. 203.
387.
Dwertmann (2010), p. 67.
388.
Guzman (2008), p. 229.

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Institute for International Law of Peace and Armed Conflict, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
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Fenrich, K. (2019). Procedural Embedding. In: The Evolving International Procedural Capacity of Individuals. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-19281-5_3

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Published: 20 June 2019
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