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The Factors on Which Islamist Extremism in Kosovo Has Been Based

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Book cover Islamist Extremism in Kosovo and the Countries of the Region

Part of the book series: SpringerBriefs in Criminology ((BRIEFSCRIMINOL))

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Abstract

During the 1990s, in Kosovo and in Albania, a situation prevailed that was characterized by political tensions, with deep economic crises and failure of the state apparatus to function properly. These circumstances, coupled with the rapid decline of communism as an inspirational ideology, have led to an increase in the rate of corruption, the destruction of the education system, the degradation of the public health system, and the disruption of many family structures. Under these social circumstances, there have been two events of crucial importance for the presentation of Islamist extremism in Kosovo.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Information on the treaties that were signed by both sides between 1992 and 1996 can be found here: http://arkiva.punetejashtme.gov.al/pdf?modul=prioritati&link=marreveshje-dypaleshe (27 November 2013).

  2. 2.

    Mihael Pophly & Khalid Durán (2001): Usama bin Ladin und der internationale Terrorismus. Munich: Ullstein, pp. 50.

  3. 3.

    Izetbegoviç was on the payroll of the Iranians. During his election campaign in 1996, he received approximately US$500,000 from Iranian foundations. For further information, see: Gordon Bardos, “The War on Terrorism in the Balkans: A Report Card on US Policy After 9/11,” in John Davis (editor):“The Global War on Terrorism: Assessing the American Response,” Nova Science, 2005, pp. 117. See also: Noel Malcolm, “Bosnia: A Short History,” New York University Press, New York 1996, p. 57.

  4. 4.

    See: Charles R. Shrader: The Muslim-Croat Civil War in Bosnia: A Military History, 1992–1994, Texas A&M University Press 2003, pp. 52–55, 128–129; http://derstandard.at/3039658/Kriegsverbrecher-Video-islamischer-Freiwilliger-aufgetaucht (30 October 2007).

  5. 5.

    Context of “9/11 Hijackers Alhazmi and Almihdhar Are Finally Added to Terrorist Watch List; http://www.historycommons.org/context.jsp?item=a082301watchlistadd#a082301watchlistadd (23 August 2001).

  6. 6.

    United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit: “Al-Haramain Islamic Foundation”, Case: 10-3503209/29/ 2010P: http://cdn.ca9.uscourts.gov/datastore/opinions/2011/09/23/10-35032.pdf (23 September 2011).

  7. 7.

    History Commons: http://www.historycommons.org/entity.jsp?entity=mohammed_al-zawahiri_1 (9 September 2007).

  8. 8.

    Reinhard Schulze (2009): “Islam im öffentlichen Raum oder Der Islam als öffentliche Religion,” in Mariano Delgado: “Religion und Öffentlichkeit: Probleme und Perspektiven,” Stuttgart, Kohlhammer, pp. 157.

  9. 9.

    Intelwire: http://intelfiles.egoplex.com/cia-ngos-1996.pdf (7 May 2003).

  10. 10.

    The Department of the Treasury: https://www.treasury.gov/resource-center/terrorist-illicit-finance/Pages/protecting-charities_execorder_13224-i.aspx (22 August 2003); UNHCR: “Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada”: http://www.refworld.org/docid/3f7d4d901c.html (28 January 2003).

  11. 11.

    Wahhabism is a religious and political ideology elaborated by Muslim theologist Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab. It is known as an extremely strict form of Islam and demands that the Quran be taken literally. At the beginning, this movement was referred to as “Wahhabi” by their opponents across the Muslim world, especially Sunnites and Shiites. Wahhabists call themselves “Muwahhidun” (“confessors of the faith in one God”) and “true Sunnites,” or Selafis, as they consider themselves to be followers of the friends of the Prophet Mohammed in his day and of the pious Muslims of the first three generations of Islam. Wahhabis take the Quran and the Sunna strictly literally and they are opposed to any interpretation from a critically historical or other perspective. See: Xhavit Shala (2003): “Siguria Kombëtare dhe Sfidat e Integrimit,” Tiranë, pp. 102.

  12. 12.

    International Crisis Group: “Bin Laden and the Balkans: The Politics of Anti-Terrorism,” ICG Balkan Reports, No. 119, Brussels 2001, pp.5: https://www.files.ethz.ch/isn/28037/119_balkans_anti-terrorism.pdf (9 November 2001).

  13. 13.

    Colin Brown: “Bin Laden linked to Albanian Drug Gangs,” The Independent; http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/bin-laden-linked-to-albanian-drug-gangs-9156073.html (21 October 2001).

  14. 14.

    U.S. Government Printing Office, Kadi v. Paulson et al., Civil Action No. 09-0108 (JDB), Document 56 Memorandum Opinion, 19 March 2012, citing “OFAC Memorandum” of March 2004: https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/USCOURTS-dcd-1_09-cv-00108/pdf/USCOURTS-dcd-1_09-cv-00108-0.pdf (19 March 2012).

  15. 15.

    International Crisis Group: “Bin Laden and the Balkans: The Politics of Anti-Terrorism,” cited, pp. 5.

  16. 16.

    Al Haramain Islamic Foundation (AHIF); http://www.historycommons.org/entity.jsp?entity=al_haramain_foundation_1 (2 March 2009).

  17. 17.

    Miku ynë në Al-Kaeda!: http://www.gazetadita.al/19-gusht-2013/ (19 August 2013).

  18. 18.

    (EU) Implementing Provision No. 621/2011 der Kommission, 24 June 2011: http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/DE/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32011R0621 (25 June 2011). See: The United Nations Security Council: http://www.un.org/press/en/2011/sc10282.doc.htm (15 June 2011). See likewise: Bundesamt für Wirtschaft und Ausfuhrkontrolle: http://www.ausfuhrkontrolle.info/ausfuhrkontrolle/de/embargos/terrorismus/alquaida/durchfuehrungsverordnung/dvo2011_621.pdf.

  19. 19.

    The United States District Court for the District of Columbia, Civil Action No. 09-0108 (JDB), pp. 18: https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/USCOURTS-dcd-1_09-cv-00108/pdf/USCOURTS-dcd-1_09-cv-00108-0.pdf (19 March 2012).

  20. 20.

    American Foreign Policy Council: “The World Almanac of Islamism: 2011,” Rowman & Littlefield, 2011 Plymouth (UK), pp. 485: http://www.investigativeproject.org/documents/case_docs/486.pdf (2 June 2004).

  21. 21.

    Liridon Llapashtica: “Milionat e ‘Al Haramain’ në Kosovë”: https://zeri.info/ekonomia/489/milionat-e-al-haramain-ne-kosove-foto/ (2 October 2014).

  22. 22.

    Christopher Deliso (2007): “The Coming Balkan Caliphate: The Threat of Radical Islam to Europe and the West”, Praeger Security International Series, London, pp. 61–62: http://zeri.info/ekonomia/489/milionat-e-al-haramain-ne-kosove-foto/ (2 October 2014).

  23. 23.

    See: Carlotta Gall: “How Kosovo Was Turned Into Fertile Ground for ISIS,” The New York Times, https://www.nytimes.com/2016/05/22/world/europe/how-the-saudis-turned-kosovo-into-fertile-ground-for-isis.html?mcubz=1 (21 May 2016).

  24. 24.

    History of USA Funding Al Qaeda; https://friendsofkosovo.wordpress.com/tag/colin-powell/ (12 April 2013).

  25. 25.

    Jimmy Gurulé (2008): “Unfunding Terror: The Legal Response to the Financing of Global Terrorism,” Edward Elgar (2008), Cheltenham (UK)/Northampton (USA), pp. 126–7.

  26. 26.

    Marcel Leubecher: “Araber predigen und finanzieren Islamismus im Kosovo”: https://www.welt.de/politik/deutschland/article164638965/Araber-predigen-und-finanzieren-Islamismus-im-Kosovo.html (17 May 2017).

  27. 27.

    The Decrees of the Ministry of Public Administration, 17 September 2014. Available at: http://map.rks-gov.net/getattachment/086fc9c8-9f13-4e0b-bc13-3a8a073813a9/Lista-e-vendimeve-per-Organizatat-Jo-Qeveritare-t.aspx.

  28. 28.

    US Department of the Treasury: https://www.treasury.gov/press-center/press-releases/Pages/po3632.aspx (19 November 2002).

  29. 29.

    “Al Qaeda Terrorist Living in Kosovo, Building Mosques to Spread Fundamentalism”: https://friendsofkosovo.wordpress.com/tag/iraq/ (10 July 2014).

  30. 30.

    “Vom Kosovo in den Dschihad”: https://monde-diplomatique.de/artikel/!5300197, (5 December 2016).

  31. 31.

    Carlotta Gall: “How Kosovo Was Turned Into Fertile Ground for ISIS,” cited.

  32. 32.

    Marcel Leubecher: “Araber predigen und finanzieren Islamismus im Kosovo,” cited.

  33. 33.

    Stephen Schwartz: “Kosova Continues Fight Against Wahhabi Infiltration”: http://www.islamicpluralism.org/2007/kosovo-continues-fight-against-wahhabi (19 March 2012).

  34. 34.

    The Decrees of the Ministry of Public Administration (17 September 2014), cited.

  35. 35.

    “Al Waqf”: http://www.waqf.nl.

  36. 36.

    “The Roma and the Radicals: Bulgaria’s Alleged ISIS Support Base”: http://www.balkaninsight.com/en/article/the-roma-and-the-radicals-bulgaria-s-alleged-isis-support-base-01-10-2016-1 (11 January 2016).

  37. 37.

    The Terrorism Research & Analysis Consortium (TRAC): https://www.trackingterrorism.org/group/al-waqf-al-islami-awai. (19 May 2017).

  38. 38.

    Central Bank of the Republic of Kosovo: http://bqk-kos.org/?id=22 (18 December 2018).

  39. 39.

    Municipality Kamenice: https://kk.rks-gov.net/kamenice/news/vihet-gurthemeli-per-qendren-e-mjekesise-familjare-ne-rogaqice/ (9 May 2013). Municipality Podujeve: https://kk.rks-gov.net/podujeve/News/Ne-Orrlan-u-ve-gurthemeli-i-Qendres-se-Mjekesise-F.aspx (14 November 2011); Municipality Gjilan: http://gjilani.info/?p=5625 (9 May 2013).

  40. 40.

    “Organizatat që financohen nga shtetet arabe”: http://zeri.info/artikulli/46653/organizatat-qe-financohen-nga-shtetet-arabe/ (25 August 2014).

  41. 41.

    Fakulteta za inženjerski menadžment, Belgrade: http://www.fim.rs/odbrana-master-rada-4/ (13 March 2016).

  42. 42.

    Serbian citizen Milutin Jovanovic purchased the “botaislame.com” website spreading Selafi ideology and calling for hatred across the different religious communities in Kosovo: https://kossev.info/islamski-ekstremizam-na-kosovu-finansira-srbija/ (30 July 2014).

  43. 43.

    Hodja Mazllam Mazllami alleged that “Japanese women were aborting their children in order to eat them” during his sermon: https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=2&v=m9nmXialS1I (in the 8th to 9th minute of the recording, 9 April 2011).

  44. 44.

    Centre of Excellence Defence Against Terrorism, Selected papers, Terrorism Experts Conference (TEC) 2016 (21 December 2018): http://www.coedat.nato.int/publication/conference/TEC2016conference_papers.pdf.

  45. 45.

    Abdyl Fuga: “Hyritë e Xhenetit”: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xB9sYvnKYRo (6 June 2015).

  46. 46.

    Carlotta Gall: “How Kosovo Was Turned Into Fertile Ground for ISIS,” cited. See: Centre of Excellence Defence Against Terrorism, cited.

  47. 47.

    The Decrees of the Ministry of Public Administration (17 September 2014), cited.

  48. 48.

    Isa Blumi: “Indoctrinating Albanians / Dynamics of Islamic Aid,” ISIM Newsletter 11/02, https://ia601206.us.archive.org/10/items/bk375/2002-12-theTaleOfHiddenPir-isim375-d2.pdf (12 June 2013).

  49. 49.

    Report inquiring into the causes and consequences of Kosovo citizens’ involvement as foreign fighters in Syria and Iraq, Kosovar Center for Security Studies (2005), Pristina, pp. 84–86.

  50. 50.

    J. Millard Burr & Robert O. Collins (2006): “Alms for Jihad: Charity and Terrorism in the Islamic World,” Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 135: https://ia802508.us.archive.org/4/items/alms_for_jihad-final/alms_for_jihad-final.pdf.

  51. 51.

    Isa Blumi (2005): “Political Islam among the Albanians: Are the Taliban coming to the Balkans?” Pristina, Kosovar Institute for Policy Research and Development (25 May 2009): http://www.kipred.org/repository/docs/Political_Islam_Among_the_Albanians-_Are_the_Taliban_coming_to_the_Balkans_137060, pp. 15.

  52. 52.

    The UNMIK authorities granted no permit for the construction of the “Qyl” mosque. But after the UNMIK mandate was over, the construction of this mosque was started in November 2008, and after 3 more years its dedication took place. http://www.islamgjakova.net/artikulli.php?id=449. During the following years, the inhabitants of the village of Kralan in the district of Gjakova and those of the villages of Vitomiricë and Lumbardhë in the district of Peja, along with the inhabitants of the village of Staradran in the district of Istog and those of the village of Stankovc in the district of Drenas stood up to the construction of Saudi-style mosques at the places where they lived. However, because of different influences, the permits were eventually granted, even in those areas where such building projects were at odds with the municipal construction plans: https://zeri.info/aktuale/99836/ndertimi-i-5-xhamive-qe-zbulon-evazionin-fiskal-foto/ (20 July 2016).

  53. 53.

    Isa Blumi (2005): “Political Islam among the Albanians…,” cited, pp. 15–16.

  54. 54.

    Ibidem, pp. 15–18. See: http://zeri.info/ekonomia/489/milionat-e-al-haramain-ne-kosove-foto/ (2 October 2014).

  55. 55.

    “Exporting Jihad: Bosnia and Kosovo”: https://www.thecipherbrief.com/article/europe/exporting-jihad-bosnia-and-kosovo (24 June 2016).

  56. 56.

    Isa Blumi: Indoctrinating Albanians, Dynamics of Islamic Aid; International Institute for the Study of Islam in the Modern World – ISIM: https://ia601206.us.archive.org/10/items/bk375/2002-12-theTaleOfHiddenPir-isim375-d2.pdf (12 June 2013).

  57. 57.

    Maqedoni, vehabistëve 100 euro për mjekër e 200 euro për pantallona të shkurt: https://telegrafi.com/maqedoni-vehabisteve-100-euro-per-mjeker-e-200-euro-per-pantallona-te-shkurter/ (24 September 2014). See: Dimal Basha (2013): “Globalization and the Rise of Salafism in Kosovo. How Gulf Countries Spearheaded a Transnational Advocacy Network that is Challenging a New Democracy,” MA thesis submitted to The New School, pp. 56–78.

  58. 58.

    Ta mësojmë Islamin (2011): https://d1.islamhouse.com/data/sq/ih_books/single/sq_Ta_mesojme_Islamin.pdf.

  59. 59.

    J. Millard Burr & Robert O. Collins (2006): “Alms for Jihad, cited, pp. 135–6.

  60. 60.

    Shaul Shay (2006): “Islamic Terror and the Balkans, Routledge, The International Policy Institute for Counter-Terrorism,” London-New York, pp. 57: http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/lloyds-insurer-sues-saudi-arabia-for-funding-911-attacks-2356857.html.

  61. 61.

    The formation of this unit was funded by Abdullah Duhajman, a Saudi citizen who had founded the Islamic Center in the Balkans based in Zenica, Bosnia. Ekrem Avdiu is a veteran of the Bosnian war and the founder of the mujahedeen unit “Abu Bakr Sadeq,” which fought for the KLA. He is also suspected to have recruited many young Kosovars for the war in Syria. For further information: https://www.ict.org.il/Article.aspx?ID=1039.

  62. 62.

    The Decrees of the Ministry of Public Administration (17 September 2014), cited.

  63. 63.

    Si provuan imamët salafi të krijonin bashkësinë e tyre islame në Kosovë: http://zeri.info/aktuale/127082/si-provuan-imamet-salafi-te-krijonin-bashkesine-e-tyre-islame-ne-kosove-foto/ (20 January 2017).

  64. 64.

    Ibidem.

  65. 65.

    The Decrees of the Ministry of Public Administration (17 September 2014), cited.

  66. 66.

    Të dhënat shokuese të WikiLeaks: Zbulohen 11 terroristët e Al-Kaidës që ishin në Kosovë (Dokumente): http://www.gazetaexpress.com/lajme/te-dhenat-shokuese-te-wikileaks-zbulohen-11-terroristet-e-al-kaides-qe-ishin-ne-kosove-dokumente-337765/?archive=1 (10 March 2017).

  67. 67.

    The Decrees of the Ministry of Public Administration (17 September 2014), cited.

  68. 68.

    The Worldwide Assembly of Muslim Youth (WAMY) is one of the largest Muslim youth organizations on a global scale. It was founded in 1972 by Omar bin Laden (a cousin of Osama bin Laden) and Abdullah bin Laden (a nephew or grandson of Osama Bin Laden) in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. Abdullah bin Laden also took part in founding the American branch of the WAMY in North Virginia. According to their official website, the WAMY has 66 regional and local branch offices and representatives on five continents. Different government authorities argue that the WAMY has been promoting Islamist extremism in many countries of the world and sponsoring terrorist activities in Bosnia, Israel, and India. Since the middle of the 1990s, the WAMY has also been operating in Albania through different Muslim organizations. They have been operating through the Taibach and Third World Relief Agency (TWRA) organizations in Bosnia. The Bosnian government stated in September 2002 that a charitable organization chaired by Abdullah Awad bin Laden had sent money from Bosnia to Chechen guerrilla fighters. A Wall Street Journal article also reported in 2005 on the WAMY smuggling of US$2 million to the branch office of Taibah International in Albania. Ibrahim el-Zayat, the chair of the Islamic Council of Germany, and a representative of the Federation of Islamic Organizations in Europe (FIOE), Ayman Sayed Ahmed Aly participated in that scheme as well. For further information, see: Ioannis Michaletos: “World Assembly of Muslim Youth in the Balkans”: http://www.rimse.gr/2013/01/world-assembly-of-muslim-youth-in.html (25 January 2013). See: Ioannis Michaletos: “Threat to jihadists in Kosovo”: http://www.rimse.gr/2014/10/blog-post.html (2 October 2014).

  69. 69.

    The Global Muslim Brotherhood Daily Watch, 2018: https://www.globalmbwatch.com/2008/01/29/wamy-holds-meeting-on-islam-in-kosovo/. See: “Raporti amerikan: Naim Tërnava vehabist në Bashkësin Islame të Kosovës”: http://www.islamicpluralism.org/2007/kosovo-continues-fight-against-wahhabi (19 March 2012).

  70. 70.

    Ibidem.

  71. 71.

    According to the activists of this project, the distributed funds amounted to 4 million Euros.

  72. 72.

    Charges Against Cleric Put Iran’s Balkan Activities Under Spotlight: https://www.rferl.org/a/kosovo-iran-cleric-arrest/27886917.html (1 August 2016).

  73. 73.

    Benjamin Weinthal: “Iran Threats in the Balkans”, Jerusalem Post, 12 April 2013, in: http://www.jpost.com/International/Report-warns-of-Hezbollah-Iran-threats-in-Balkans-309596. See also Chris Deliso: “Israeli Security Concerns and the Balkans” (31 March 2013), in http://www.balkanalysis.com/bulgaria/2013/03/31/israeli-security-concerns-and-the-balkans/.

  74. 74.

    NISA: http://naimfrasheri.net/sq/OJQ-Simotra/Organizata-Edukative-Kulturore-NISA (20 January 2015).

  75. 75.

    See: James Adams (2009): Geld und Gewalt, Wer finanziert den internationalen Terror, Frankfurt/Main, pp. 99–108.

  76. 76.

    Vizita në Iran dhe pjesmarrja në Festivalin e Parë Ndërkombëtar për Femrat Myslimane: http://albanian.irib.ir/radioislame/artikuj/item/146539-znjikballe-berisha-huduti-vizita-në-iran-dhe-pjesmarrja-në-festivalin-e-parë-ndërkombëtar-për-femrat-myslimane (27 February 2015).

  77. 77.

    Stephen Schwartz: “Iranian Propagandists in Kosovo”: http://www.weeklystandard.com/iranian-propagandists-kosovo/article/890381 (19 March 2015).

  78. 78.

    Rreth nesh: http://www.fqurani.com/Rrethnesh.html (16 October 2014).

  79. 79.

    Ikballe Berisha Huduti: https://www.facebook.com/ikballebh/ (27 February 2015).

  80. 80.

    Education v. The madrasa in Shiʿite Persia: http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/education-v-the-madrasa-in-shiite-persia (9 December 2011).

  81. 81.

    Institutit për shkencat humane ‘Ibni Sina’: http://www.ibnisina-ks.com/aktivitete/u-mbajt-promovimi-i-institutit-ibni-sina-dhe-revistes-shkencore-hikmet/ (1 May 2013).

  82. 82.

    Kosovo Police Raid NGOs Linked to Iran: http://www.balkaninsight.com/en/article/kosovo-raid-ngos-with-ties-to-iran (25 June 2015). See: Stephen Schwartz: “Iranian Propagandists in Kosovo,” cited.

  83. 83.

    Kosovo vs. Iranians and ISIS: http://www.weeklystandard.com/kosovo-vs.-iranians-and-isis/article/981448 (30 June 2015).

  84. 84.

    Opozita iraniane: Teherani ka celulë spiunazhi në Shqipëri: http://shqiptarja.com/bota/2728/opozita-iraniane-teherani-ka-celule-spiunazhi-ne-shqiperi-257396.html (5 December 2014). See: SHBA falenderojnë Shqipërinë për mbështetjen për muhaxhedinët: http://www.noa.al/artikull/shba-falenderojne-shqiperine-per-mbeshtetjen-per-muhaxhedinet/292030.html (16 May 2013).

  85. 85.

    Mujahedin-e Khalq Organization (MEK or MKO): https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/para/mek.htm (10 October 2018).

  86. 86.

    Kosovo Police Raid NGOs Linked to Iran: cited.

  87. 87.

    Radicalization of Islam, real threat or phobia?: http://preportr.cohu.org/en/investigations/Radicalization-of-Islam-real-threat-or-phobia-145 (17 August 2012).

  88. 88.

    EMRE – Leave Kosovo out of this radical Islamism: http://menafocus.qa/emre-leave-kosovo-out-of-this-radical-islamism/ (30 September 2014).

  89. 89.

    Finanziert die Türkei IS-Unterstützer im Kosovo?: https://www.turkish-talk.com/threads/finzanziert-die-türkei-is-unterstüzer-im-kosovo.60166/ (27 September 2014).

  90. 90.

    Emre Uslu/Today’s Zaman: “Is TİKA funding radical Islamists?”: https://en.haberler.com/is-tika-funding-radical-islamists-545375/ (26 September 2014).

  91. 91.

    Emre Uslu: Is Turkey supporting radical Islamists?: http://www.todayszaman.com/columnist/emre-uslu/is-turkey-supporting-radical-islamists_360155.html (28 September 2014).

  92. 92.

    Even President Erdogan himself stated before the people who had gathered when he visited Tetovo, Macedonia in 2011: “We can’t forget you” and “You are our nephews, brothers and grandchildren,” etc.: http://www.albeu.com/maqedoni/erdogan-ne-tetove-ju-jeni-niperit-e-vellezerit-tane/47251/ (30 September 2011).

  93. 93.

    Historia e radikalëve në Kosovë që ngatërron tre shtete: http://www.gazetatema.net/2014/09/30/historia-e-radikaleve-ne-kosove-qe-ngaterron-tre-shtete/ (30 September 2014).

  94. 94.

    Celaliye’de tarihe koruma: http://www.tayproject.org/haberarsiv201011.html (8–11 November 2010).

  95. 95.

    Radicalization of Islam, real threat or phobia?, cited.

  96. 96.

    Ibidem.

  97. 97.

    EMRE – Leave Kosovo out of this radical Islamism: cited.

  98. 98.

    Emre Uslu: Agjencia turke TIKA dhe lidhja e saj me radikalët në Kosovë: http://shekulli.com.al/56781/ (29 September 2014).

  99. 99.

    Kosovo`s sneaky fight against moderate Islam: https://www.dailysabah.com/opinion/2014/10/15/kosovos-sneaky-fight-against-moderate-islam-belated-reflections-on-turkeys-position (15 October 2014).

  100. 100.

    IHH: https://www.ihh.org.tr/en/history (4 April 2011).

  101. 101.

    Meeting our orphans in Albania and Kosovo: https://www.ihh.org.tr/en/news/meeting-our-orphans-in-albania-and-kosovo-2335 (23 May 2014).

  102. 102.

    Kosovo: Turska humanitarna organizacija podelila kurbane za oko 120 porodica: http://www.trt.net.tr/srpski/region-1/2017/09/03/kosovo-turska-humanitarna-organizacija-podelila-kurbane-za-oko-120-porodica-800442 (3 September 2017).

  103. 103.

    Kosovo: IHH podelila pakete sa hranom za oko 200 porodica invalida rata: http://e-vijesti.com/kosovo-ihh-podelila-pakete-sa-hranom-za-oko-200-porodica-invalida-rata (29 May 2017).

  104. 104.

    The activities of this organization were prohibited in Germany on 23 June 2010. For further information, see: Verfassungsschutzbericht 2015, Niedersächsisches Ministerium für Inneres und Sport, 2016 Hannover, pp. 322.

  105. 105.

    Kosovo: Turska fondacija IHH pokrenula “Program borbe protiv droge”:

    http://aa.com.tr/ba/balkan/kosovo-turska-fondacija-ihh-pokrenula-program-borbe-protiv-droge-/758769 (24 February 2017).

  106. 106.

    Hochrangige Al-Kaida-Führer in Türkei verhaftet: http://derstandard.at/1388651100476/Zeitung-Hochrangige-Al-Kaida-Fuehrer-in-der-Tuerkei-geschnappt (15 January 2014).

  107. 107.

    Exclusive: Turkish NGO Recruiting Muslim Albanians for War in Syria: http://en.farsnews.com/newstext.aspx?nn=13920523000421 (14 August 2013).

  108. 108.

    According to official estimations, the general numbers of Albanians from Kosovo, Macedonia, and Albania who fight on different front-lines in Syria amounted to 300–400 persons. According to other estimations from professional researchers, those numbers stand at approximately 800 people: http://www.panorama.com.al/lufta-ne-siri-ne-tirane-u-rekrutuan-769-shqiptare/ (15 August 2013).

  109. 109.

    Rrëfen muxhahedini kosovar i kthyer nga Siria: Jam penduar që shkova atje, ajo luftë nuk na përket neve: http://www.gazetaexpress.com/lajme/rrefen-muxhahedinikosovar-i-kthyer-nga-siria-jam-penduar-qe-shkova-atje-ajo-lufte-nuk-na-perket-neve-11338/?archive=1 (1 May 2014).

  110. 110.

    Rruga e myslimanëve shqiptarë drejt xhihadit në Siri: https://www.reporter.al/rruga-e-myslimaneve-shqiptare-drejt-xhihadit-ne-siri/ (15 December 2014).

  111. 111.

    Section 3 of Law Number 05/L-002 on the prohibition of participation in armed fights beyond the territory of the state of Kosovo, Pristina, as of 12 March 2015.

  112. 112.

    Scholarly observations in addition to information circulating in Kosovo and confirmed by a person who deserted during the war in Syria.

  113. 113.

    AL QAEDA zbarkon në xhamitë e Tiranës, Durrësit dhe Kavajës, rekrutojnë ushtarë për Siri, SHISH dhe policia në operacion: http://www.sot.com.al/politike/al-qaeda-zbarkon-në-xhamitë-e-tiranës-durrësit-dhe-kavajës-rekrutojnë-ushtarë-për-siri (17 January 2014).

  114. 114.

    Organizatat mashtruese të Erdoganit në Kosovë: http://zeri.info/aktuale/46948/organizatat-mashtruese-te-erdoganit-ne-kosove-foto/ (18 August 2015).

  115. 115.

    Ibidem.

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  1. University Haxhi Zeka, Pejë, Kosovo

    Kolë Krasniqi

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Krasniqi, K. (2019). The Factors on Which Islamist Extremism in Kosovo Has Been Based. In: Islamist Extremism in Kosovo and the Countries of the Region. SpringerBriefs in Criminology. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-18569-5_3

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