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Non-visual Biological Mechanism

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Abstract

Daily (circadian) bodily rhythms, a fundamental property of human life, are synchronised by the natural 24-h dark-light rhythm. This entrainment by light is one of the non-visual biological effects of light. In particular, the rhythms of the hormones cortisol, supplying energy to the body, and melatonin, facilitating sleep, are important.

A relatively new type of photoreceptor discovered in 2002, the photosensitive retinal ganglion cell pRGC, connects with the suprachiasmatic nucleus SCN, a structure within the brain that acts as a master biological clock. The SCN, in its turn, has pathways to the pineal gland, where melatonin is produced, and to the adrenal cortex responsible for the production of cortisol.

Light may, apart from effects on circadian rhythms, also have direct, acute photobiological effects that influence alertness and performance.

The spectral sensitivity of the pRGCs, given by their photopigment melanopsin, is different from that of rods and the three types of cones. Its sensitivity peaks in the blue part of the wavelength range. Rods and cones have a neural connection with ganglion cells, and consequently their signals interplay with the signal obtained from the pRGC itself. Much of this neural wiring is as yet unknown. Primarily because of this, it is impossible to define a single spectral sensitivity function or action spectrum for all non-visual effects of light. The correlated colour temperature can be used only as a rough indication for the characterisation of the spectrum of lamps for non-visual biological use. The spectrally weighted irradiances for the five human photopigments (α-opic irradiances) are at this moment the best characterisation.

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    Wout van Bommel

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van Bommel, W. (2019). Non-visual Biological Mechanism. In: Interior Lighting. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-17195-7_5

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