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The Essential Oils of the Burseraceae

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Abstract

The angiosperm species of mainly tropical, often aromatic, trees and occasionally shrubs with flaking bark, some containing resin ducts in the inner bark, can be found in the order of Sapindales in the Burseraceae family. The most well-known genera that are found in the Bursereae tribe are Bursera, Boswellia, and Commiphora; those found in the Canarieae tribe are Canarium, Dacryodes, Haplolobus, Santiria, and Trattinnickia, while those found in the Protieae tribe are Crepidospermum, Protium, and Tetragastris. The most well-known Burseraceae species are those known as frankincense (Boswellia spp.) and myrrh (Commiphora myrrha) and to a lesser extent balm of Gilead (Commiphora gileadensis). These plants have been sources of ethnobotanical items of commerce for their medicinal, religious, and aromatic properties since ancient times. The aromatic properties of essential oils isolated by water or steam distillation from various species found in the Burseraceae have been the subject of increasingly intense study over the past 20 years. This has resulted in a plethora of studies on the oil compositions produced from botanically authenticated members of this aromatic plant family. As a result, the compositions of oils produced from 24 Bursera species, 16 Boswellia species (although the synonymy of Boswellia sacra with B. carteri has been kept separate), 16 Commiphora species, Aucoumea klaineana, 9 Canarium species, 3 Dacryodes species, and 22 Protium species are reported. The oils reviewed are a combination of leaf, stem, fruit, bark, and wood oils and extracts with many, particularly the frankincense oils, originating from the oleoresin. Most of the oils contained monoterpene hydrocarbons, some oxygenated monoterpenoids, and sesquiterpene hydrocarbons. The oils of Dacryodes; Protium, particularly P. heptaphyllum; and Boswellia, particularly B. carteri and B. frereana, were rich in monoterpene hydrocarbons, while the oils of B. papyrifera were rich in octanol and its acetate. In contrast, the oils of Commiphora were richer in sesquiterpenoid compounds. In addition to the oil compositions, a summary of the traditional uses and chemical ecology of frankincense and the traditional uses of myrrh is found.

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Abbreviations

DCM:

Dichloromethane

HD:

Hydrodistillation

IC50 :

Median inhibitory concentration

LC50 :

Median lethal concentration

LD50 :

Median lethal dose

MeOH:

Methanol

MIC:

Minimum inhibitory concentration

MRSA:

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus

SAFE:

Solvent-assisted flavor evaporation

SC CO2 :

Supercritical carbon dioxide extraction

SD:

Steam distillation

SPME:

Solid-phase micro extraction

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Acknowledgments

This work was carried out as part of the activities of the Aromatic Plant Research Center (APRC, https://aromaticplant.org/). The authors are grateful to dōTERRA International (https://www.doterra.com/US/en) for financial support of the APRC. A careful editing of the chapter by Brian M. Lawrence is acknowledged by the authors.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest. The funding sponsor, dōTERRA International, played no role in preparation or in the decision to publish this review.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Aromatic Plant Research Center, Lehi, Utah, USA

    Anjanette DeCarlo, Noura S. Dosoky, Prabodh Satyal, Aaron Sorensen & William N. Setzer

  2. Department of Environmental Studies, Saint Michael’s College, Colchester, VT, USA

    Anjanette DeCarlo

  3. dōTERRA International, Pleasant Grove, UT, USA

    Noura S. Dosoky, Prabodh Satyal & Aaron Sorensen

  4. Department of Chemistry, University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, AL, USA

    William N. Setzer

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  1. ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology and School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, SA, Australia, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Biological and Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil

    Sonia Malik

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DeCarlo, A., Dosoky, N.S., Satyal, P., Sorensen, A., Setzer, W.N. (2019). The Essential Oils of the Burseraceae. In: Malik, S. (eds) Essential Oil Research. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-16546-8_4

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