Abstract
Abundantly available chitin/chitosan and their derivatives are full of useful bioactivities. They have numerous applications in industries like food, wastewater treatment, pharmaceuticals, agriculture, cosmetics etc. However, their insolubility in water plays spoilsport in way of their use as cost-effective biomolecules for various sectors. Breakage of chitosan to smaller oligosaccharides solves this problem to larger extent preferably using highly specific enzymes. It is well known that that bioactivities of oligosaccharides improve upon hydrolysis to lower molecular weight chitosan i.e. chitooligosaccharides. Availability and production of anti-oxidant chitooligosaccharides by non-chemical approach is desirable for consumer satisfaction. Bioprocessing of chitin/chitosan generated from marine waste to be used as bioactive chitooligosaccharides, can reduce both environmental and human health hazards to a great extent.
Here we review (1) biocatalytic approaches for chitooligosaccharides production, (2) bioprocess strategies for large scale production, (3) functionalization and (4) anti-oxidant activity of chitooligosaccharides. Specific and non-specific biocatalysts are used for chitooligomer preparation either by hydrolysis and transglycosylation approaches. Cellulase enzymes have been found to be most frequently used non-specific enzymes for chitosan hydrolysis but microbial chitosanases show excellent performance for chitooligosaccharides production both in terms of yield and specificity. Transglycosylation also have been found to be promising for chitooligosaccharides production especially at small scale. Combination reactors have been found to be most suitable for upscaling of chitooligomer production. Immobilized packed column with ultrafiltration membrane reactors are used for simultaneous hydrolysis and separation of chitooligomers. Chemically synthesized derivatives of chitooligomers have been reported in many studies by introducing carboxyl, quaternized amino, amino ethyl, sulfate, gallyl and many more groups. Amino ethyl, Gallyl, sulphated, phenolic acid conjugated and carboxylated derivatized chitooligomers have shown anti-oxidant activity. Anti-oxidant activity of chitooligomers and relation with their structure and polymerisation has been well established. Chitooligomers longer than trimer show good activity while best activity has been reported in degree of polymerisation from 10 to 12. Acetylation of chitooligomers leads to improvement in anti-oxidant activity than their deacetylated version.
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Abbreviations
- ABTS:
-
2,2′-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid
- BHA:
-
butylated hydroxyanisole
- BHT:
-
butylated hydroxytoluene
- CAT:
-
chloramphenicol acetyltransferase
- COS:
-
chitooligosaccharides
- DCFH-DA:
-
dichloro-dihydro-fluorescein-diacetate
- DD:
-
degree of deacetylation
- DMPO:
-
5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline N-oxide
- DNA:
-
deoxyribonucleic acid
- DNA:
-
deoxyribonucleic acid
- DPPH:
-
2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl
- ESR:
-
electron spin resonance
- FRAP:
-
ferric reducing power
- GSH-PX:
-
glutathione peroxidase
- KDa:
-
kilo Dalton
- PANNFM:
-
polyacrylonitrile nanofibrous membrane
- QCMCOS:
-
quaternised carboxymethyl chitooligosaccharide
- ROS:
-
reactive oxygen species
- SOD:
-
superoxide dismutase
- TBARS:
-
thiobarbituric acid reactive substances
- TBHQ:
-
tertiary butyl hydroquinone
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Corresponding author acknowledges Department of Science & Technology, Government of India for financial support vide reference no (SR/WOS-A/LS-1004/2015) and (SR/WOS-A/LS-129/2009) under Women Scientist Scheme.
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Jaiswal, S., Tripathi, P., Sinha, S. (2019). Biocatalytic Production of Hetero-Chitosan Oligosaccharides as Anti-oxidants. In: Crini, G., Lichtfouse, E. (eds) Sustainable Agriculture Reviews 35. Sustainable Agriculture Reviews, vol 35. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-16538-3_3
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