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International Manual of Oncology Practice pp 379–389Cite as

Anal Cancer

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Abstract

Anal cancer is a rare malignancy, with increasing incidence, strongly associated with HPV infection. After making the diagnosis, a multidisciplinary discussion is essential for better management. The cornerstone of the treatment is chemoradiotherapy for localized disease with good chances of cure and preservation of the anal function. In cases of relapsed or metastatic disease, systemic therapy is indicated. There is a lack of randomized trials and prognosis is still poor. Immunotherapy represents a hope in the treatment of this disease.

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Abbreviations

SCC:

Squamous cell carcinoma

HPV:

Human papillomavirus

MSM:

Men who have sex with other man

HIV:

Human immunodeficiency virus

AIN:

Anal squamous intra-epithelial lesions

DRE:

Digital rectal examination

MRI:

Magnetic resonance imaging

EUS:

Endoanal ultrasound

CT:

Computed tomography

PET/CT:

Positron emission tomography

TNM:

Tumor–node–metastasis

AJCC:

American Joint Committee on Cancer

UICC:

Union for International Cancer Control

CRT:

Chemoradiotherapy

IMRT:

Intensity-modulated radiation therapy

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Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Medical Oncology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil

    Tiago Costa de Pádua

  2. Division of Medical Oncology, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil

    Hakaru Tadokoro

  3. Division of Medical Oncology, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP) & Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo, Brazil

    Ramon Andrade De Mello

  4. Department of Biomedical Sciences and Medicine, University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal

    Ramon Andrade De Mello

  5. Escola Paulista de Medicina, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil

    Nora Manoukian Forones

Authors
  1. Tiago Costa de Pádua
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  2. Hakaru Tadokoro
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  3. Ramon Andrade De Mello
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  4. Nora Manoukian Forones
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Ramon Andrade De Mello .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Division of Medical Oncology, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP) & Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo, Brazil, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Medicine, University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal

    Ramon Andrade De Mello

  2. Oncology Department, Henry Dunant Hospital Center, Athens, Greece

    Giannis Mountzios

  3. Department of Biomedical Sciences and Medicine, Universidade do Algarve, Faro, Portugal

    Álvaro A. Tavares

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de Pádua, T.C., Tadokoro, H., De Mello, R.A., Forones, N.M. (2019). Anal Cancer. In: De Mello, R., Mountzios, G., Tavares, Á. (eds) International Manual of Oncology Practice. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-16245-0_18

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