Skip to main content

Slim Arms, Waist, Thighs and Hips, but Not the Breasts: Portrayal of Female Body Image in Hong Kong’s Magazine Advertisements

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
  • 1908 Accesses

Abstract

This chapter examines slimming and breast-enhancing magazine advertisements produced by the burgeoning industry of beauty parlours in Hong Kong. Typically, these advertisements configure the human body as a physical resource amenable to extreme makeovers. By displaying before-and-after pictures of female celebrities who are hailed as their ‘spokespersons’, the beauty centres advertise the potential to modify female bodies to match an idealised mental image. The visual semiotic framework of Gunther Kress and Theo van Leeuwen (Reading images: The grammar of visual design. London and New York: Routledge, 2006) is employed to reveal this act of manipulation of perceived body image. Specifically, this chapter addresses how the choreography of image and text operates in a social and cultural climate that increasingly values thinness and ample breasts, and how this climate concurrently normalises intervention in physical appearance.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Buying options

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   44.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD   59.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

Notes

  1. 1.

    These lifestyle magazines comprise ten local publications including East Week, Face, Jessica, Ming Pao Weekly, Next Magazine, Oriental Sunday, Sudden Weekly, Sunday More, Three Weekly, and TVB Weekly as well as two localised international publications Cosmopolitan and Marie Claire, all of which are written in Chinese.

  2. 2.

    For copyright reasons the images discussed in this chapter are not reproduced here, only represented as diagrams.

References

  • Barthes, Roland. 1977 [1964]. Rhetoric of the image. In Image, music, text, trans. and ed. Stephen Heath, 32–51. London: Fontana.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cash, Thomas, and Thomas Pruzinsky, eds. 1990. Body images: Development, deviance, and change. New York: Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2002. A “negative body image”: Evaluating epidemiological evidence. In Body image: A handbook of theory, research, and clinical practice, ed. Thomas Cash and Thomas Pruzinsky, 269–276. New York: Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chan, Kara. 2006. Advertising and Hong Kong society. Hong Kong: The Chinese University of Hong Kong.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chan, Kara, and Yolanda Cheng. 2012. Portrayal of females in magazine advertisements in Hong Kong. Journal of Asian Pacific Communication 22 (1): 78–96.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chan, Kara, Birgitte Tufte, Gianna Cappello, and Russell Williams. 2011. Tween girls’ perception of gender roles and gender identities: A qualitative study. Young Consumers: Insight and Ideas for Responsible Marketers 12 (1): 66–81.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chan, Zenobia, and Joyce Ma. 2002. Anorexic eating: Two case studies in Hong Kong. The Qualitative Report 7 (4): 24–35.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2004. Aetiology of anorexia nervosa in Hong Kong: A social work qualitative inquiry. Child and Family Social Work 9 (2): 177–186.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chau, King Chun. 1997. Gender roles portrayals in print advertisements of youth’s popular magazines in Hong Kong: A content analysis. Unpublished undergraduate project, City University of Hong Kong.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cheong, Yin Yuen. 2004. The construal of ideational meaning in print advertisements. In Multimodal discourse analysis: Systemic-functional perspectives, ed. Kay O’Halloran, 163–195. London and New York: Continuum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eagly, Alice, Richard Ashmore, Mona Makhijani, and Laura Longo. 1991. What is beautiful is good: A meta-analytic review of research on the physical attractiveness stereotype. Psychology Bulletin 110 (1): 107–128.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Eagly, Alice, and Valerie Steffen. 1984. Gender stereotypes stem from the distribution of women and men into social roles. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 46 (4): 735–754.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Elliott, Dorinda. 1996. Objects of desire. Newsweek, vol. 127, no. 7, 2 December: 41.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fardouly, Jasmine, Phillippa Diedrichs, Lenny Vartanian, and Emma Halliwell. 2015a. Social comparisons on social media: The impact of Facebook on young women’s body image concerns and mood. Body Image 13 (Mar.): 38–45.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2015b. The mediating role of appearance comparisons in the relationship between media usage and self-objectification in young women. Psychology of Women Quarterly 39 (4): 447–457.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fardouly, Jasmine, Brydie Willburger, and Lenny Vartanian. 2018. Instagram use and young women’s body image concerns and self-objectification: Testing mediational pathways. New Media and Society 20 (4): 1380–1395.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Featherstone, Mike. 1982. The body in consumer culture. Theory, Culture and Society 1 (2): 18–33.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Feng, Dezheng. 2011. Visual space and ideology: A critical cognitive analysis of spatial orientations in advertising. In Multimodal studies: Exploring issues and domains, ed. Kay O’Halloran and Bradley Smith, 55–75. London and New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Festinger, Leon. 1957. A theory of cognitive dissonance. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Foucault, Michel. 1980. Power/knowledge: Selected interviews and other writings: 1972–1977. Edited by Colin Gordon and translated by Colin Gordon, Leo Marshall, John Mepham, and Kate Soper. New York: Pantheon Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fung, Anthony. 2002. Women’s magazines: Construction of identities and cultural consumption in Hong Kong. Consumption, Markets and Culture 5 (4): 321–336.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2006. Gender and advertising: The promotional culture of whitening and slimming. In Advertising and Hong Kong Society, ed. Kara Chan, 171–181. Hong Kong: The Chinese University of Hong Kong Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fung, Anthony, and Eric Ma. 2000. Formal vs. informal use of television and sex-role stereotyping in Hong Kong. Sex Roles 42 (1/2): 57–81.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Furnham, Adrian, and Twiggy Mak. 1999. Sex-role stereotyping in television commercials: A review and comparison of fourteen studies done on five continents over 25 years. Sex Roles 41 (5–6): 413–437.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Furnham, Adrian, Twiggy Mak, and Liza Tanidjojo. 2000. An Asian perspective on the portrayal of men and women in television advertisements: Studies from Hong Kong and Indonesian television. Journal of Applied Social Psychology 30 (11): 2341–2364.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Furnham, Adrian, and Stephanie Paltzer. 2010. The portrayal of men and women in television advertisements: An updated review of 30 studies published since 2000. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology 51 (3): 216–236.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Garner, David, Paul Garfinkel, Donald Schwartz, and Michael Thompson. 1980. Cultural expectations of thinness in women. Psychological Reports 47 (2): 483–491.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Goldman, Robert, and Stephen Papson. 1996. Sign wars: The cluttered landscape of advertising. New York: Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goodman, Robyn, and Kim Walsh-Childers. 2004. Sculpting the female breast: How college women negotiate the media’s ideal breast image. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly 81 (3): 657–674.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Halliday, Michael. 1978. Language as social semiotics. London: Arnold.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 1985. An introduction to functional grammar. London: Arnold.

    Google Scholar 

  • Heinberg, Leslie, and Kevin Thompson. 1992. Gender, target importance ratings and relation to body image disturbance. Journal of Social Behaviour and Personality 7 (2): 335–344.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hesse-Biber, Sharlene. 2007. The cult of thinness. New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hung, Kineta, Stella Li, and Russell Belk. 2007. Global understandings: Female readers’ perceptions of the new woman in Chinese advertising. Journal of International Business Studies 38 (6): 1034–1051.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • JayneStars Media. 2010. Is Sammi Cheng anorexic? JayneStars: Hong Kong celebrity news in English, 6 July. Accessed October 4, 2018. https://www.jaynestars.com/news/is-sammi-cheng-anorexic/.

  • Kaganovsky, Lilya. 2012. The factory of gestures: Body language in film (review). Cinema Journal 51 (3): 168–170.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kim, Ji Won, and Makana Chock. 2015. Body image 2.0: Associations between social grooming on Facebook and body image concerns. Computers in Human Behavior 48 (July): 331–339.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Knobloch-Westerwick, Silvia, and Josselyn Crane. 2012. A losing battle: Effects of prolonged exposure to thin-ideal images on dieting and body satisfaction. Communication Research 39 (1): 79–102.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kowner, Rotem. 2002. Japanese body image: Structure and esteem scores in a cross-cultural perspective. International Union of Psychological Science 37 (3): 149–159.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kress, Gunther. 2010. Multimodality: A social semiotic approach to contemporary communication. London and New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kress, Gunther, and Theo van Leeuwen. 2006. Reading images: The grammar of visual design. 2nd ed. London and New York: Routledge.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Lai, Kelly. 2000. Anorexia nervosa in Chinese adolescents: Does culture make a difference? Journal of Adolescence 23 (5): 561–568.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lam, Ka Yin. 2006. How negative advertising works? Moderating and mediating effects on purchase intention of weight loss products and services. Honours degree project, School of Business, Hong Kong Baptist University.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lam, T.H., Stephanie Lee, Samantha Fung, S.Y. Ho, Peter Lee, and Sunita Stewart. 2009. Sociocultural influences on body dissatisfaction and dieting in Hong Kong girls. European Eating Disorders Review 17 (2): 152–160.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Langlois, Judith, Lisa Kalakanis, Adam Rubenstein, Andrea Larson, Monica Hallam, and Monica Smoot. 2000. Maxims or myths of beauty? A meta-analytic and theoretical review. Psychological Bulletin 126 (3): 390–423.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lee, Annisa. 2010. When distortion is normal: The media and body image disturbance among young people in Hong Kong. In Liberalising, feminising and popularising health communications in Asia, ed. Liew Kai Khiun, 183–195. Farnham, Surrey: Ashgate.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lee, Micky, and Anthony Fung. 2006. Media ideologies of gender in Hong Kong. Hong Kong: Hong Kong Institute of Asia-Pacific Studies, The Chinese University of Hong Kong.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lee, Sing. 1993. How abnormal is the desire for slimness? A survey of eating attitudes and behaviour among Chinese undergraduates in Hong Kong. Psychological Medicines 23 (2): 437–451.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lee, Sing, Tony Leung, Antoinette Lee, Hong Yu, and C.M. Leung. 1996. Body dissatisfaction among Chinese undergraduates and its implications for eating disorders in Hong Kong. International Journal of Eating Disorders 20 (1): 77–84.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lemke, Jay. 1985. Ideology, intertextuality, and the notion of register. In Systemic perspectives on discourse, vol. 1: Selected theoretical papers from the 9th International Systemic Workshop, ed. James Benson and William Greaves, 275–294. Norwood, NJ: Ablex Publishing.

    Google Scholar 

  • Leung, Freedom, Sharon Lam, and Sherrien Sze. 2001. Cultural expectations of thinness in Chinese women. Eating Disorders 9 (4): 339–350.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Low, Bobbi. 1979. Sexual selection and human ornamentation. In Evolutionary biology and human social behaviour, ed. Napoleon Chagnon and William Irons, 462–487. North Scituate, MA: Duxbury.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mabe, Annalise, Jean Forney, and Pamela Keel. 2014. Do you “like” my photo? Facebook use maintains eating disorder risk. International Journal of Eating Disorders 47 (5): 516–523.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Martínez Lirola, María, and Jan Chovanec. 2012. The dream of a perfect body come true: Multimodality in cosmetic surgery advertising. Discourse & Society 23 (5): 487–507.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McNeill, David. 1992. Hand and mind: What gestures reveal about thought. Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Miller, Laura. 2006. Beauty up: Exploring contemporary Japanese body aesthetics. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mishra, Suman. 2017. From self-control to self-improvement: Evolving messages and persuasion techniques in weight loss advertising (1930–1990). Visual Communication 16 (4): 467–494.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Morris, Abigail, Troy Cooper, and Peter Copper. 1989. The changing shape of female fashion models. International Journal of Eating Disorders 8 (5): 593–596.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ng, Bo Sze. 2005. Slimming culture in Hong Kong: A sociological study. M.A. thesis, University of Hong Kong.

    Google Scholar 

  • Palmgreen, Philip. 1984. Uses and gratifications: A theoretical perspective. In Communication yearbook 8, ed. Robert Bostrom, 61–72. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage Publications.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pedersen, Isabel. 2002. Looking good on whose terms? Ambiguity in two Kellogg’s Special K® print advertisements. Social Semiotics 12 (2): 169–181.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pollack, Andrew. 1996. Barbie’s journey in Japan. New York Times, 22 December.

    Google Scholar 

  • Richins, Marsha. 1991. Social comparison and the idealised images of advertising. Journal of Consumer Research 18 (1): 71–83.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shiokawa, Kanako. 1999. Cute but deadly: Women and violence in Japanese comics. In Themes and issues in Asian cartooning: Cute, cheap, mad, and sexy, ed. John Lent, 93–125. Bowling Green, OH: Bowling Green State University Popular Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Singh, Devendra. 1993. Adaptive significance of female physical attractiveness: Role of waist-to-hip ratio. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 65 (2): 293–307.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Siu, Wai-Sum. 1996. Gender portrayal in Hong Kong and Singapore television advertisements. Journal of Asian Business 12 (3): 47–63.

    Google Scholar 

  • Somlak, Linda. 1993. Adult development. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tam, Carmen, Cherry Ng, Man Yu Chan, and Betty Young. 2007. Disordered eating attitudes and behaviours among adolescents in Hong Kong: Prevalence and correlates. Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health 43: 811–817.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tiggemann, Marika, and Amy Slater. 2013. NetGirls: The Internet, Facebook, and body image concern in adolescent girls. International Journal of Eating Disorders 46 (6): 630–633.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2014. NetTweens: The Internet and body image concerns in preteenage girls. Journal of Early Adolescence 34 (5): 606–620.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tiggemann, Marika, and Mia Zaccardo. 2015. “Exercise to be fit, not skinny”: The effect of fitspiration imagery on women’s body image. Body Image 15 (Sep.): 61–67.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2018. “Strong is the new skinny”: A content analysis of #fitspiration images on Instagram. Journal of Health Psychology 23 (8): 1003–1011.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • van Leeuwen, Theo. 2006. Towards a semiotics of typography. Information Design Journal 14 (2): 139–155.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • van Zoonen, Liesbet. 1994. Feminist media studies. London: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vandenbosch, Laura, and Steven Eggermont. 2012. Understanding sexual objectification: A comprehensive approach toward media exposure and girls’ internalisation of beauty ideals, self-objectification, and body surveillance. Journal of Communication 62 (5): 869–887.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Williamson, Judith. 1978. Decoding advertisements. London: Merion Boyars.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wisemen, Claire, James Gray, James Mosimann, and Anthony Ahrens. 1992. Cultural expectations of thinness in women: An update. International Journal of Eating Disorders 11 (1): 85–89.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2019 The Author(s)

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Wong, M. (2019). Slim Arms, Waist, Thighs and Hips, but Not the Breasts: Portrayal of Female Body Image in Hong Kong’s Magazine Advertisements. In: Multimodal Communication. Palgrave Pivot, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-15428-8_2

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-15428-8_2

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Palgrave Pivot, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-030-15427-1

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-030-15428-8

  • eBook Packages: Social SciencesSocial Sciences (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics