Skip to main content

Cultures of Positivity: Interconnectedness as a Way of Being

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Handbook of Quality of Life in African Societies

Abstract

In this chapter we argued that a good quality of life and well-being is manifested in a culture of positivity emerging from meanings made in people’s embeddedness in relationships and life contexts. Interconnectedness is a fundamental quality of being human, and to a great extent determines people’s quality of life and meaning experiences. We adopted a broad conceptualization of quality of life including a eudaimonic well-being perspective in which meaning and positive relationships play a core role. We described a Meaning and Relatedness Well-being model (M&RW) comprising of meaning and relatedness as core facets, with assumed dynamic interactions between intrapersonal, interpersonal, social, community and ecosystem levels within the intertwinedness of biological and cultural situatedness. We used the M&RW model as backdrop to illustrate interconnectedness as a way of being well particularly in African contexts as manifested in lay people’s experiences drawing from previous empirical research.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Change history

  • 13 May 2020

    The author regrets that the initial book was published without including the line to acknowledge the funder which has been updated in the chapter.

References

  • Algoe, S. B., Gable, S. L., & Maisel, N. C. (2010). It’s the little things: Everyday gratitude as a booster shot for romantic relationships. Personal Relationships, 17, 217–233.

    Google Scholar 

  • Arcidiacono, C., & Di Martino, S. (2016). A critical analysis of happiness and well-being. Where we stand now, where we need to go. Community Psychology in Global Perspective, 2(1), 6–35. https://doi.org/10.1285/i24212113v2i1p6

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Aron, E. N., & Aron, A. (1996). Love and the expansion of the self: The state of the model. Personal Relationships, 3(1), 45–58. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-6811.1996.tb00103.x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Awasthi, P., Chauhan, R., & Verma, S. (2016). Meaningfulness in life span perspectives: An overview. Purushartha: A Journal of Management Ethics and Spirituality, 7(2), 98–113.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baloyi, L., & Mokobe-Rabothata, M. (2014). The African conception of death: A cultural implication. Proceedings from the 21st International Congress of the International Association for Cross-Cultural Psychology, 232–241.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baumeister, R. F. (1991). Meanings of life. New York, NY: Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baumeister, R. F., & Landau, M. J. (2018). Finding the meaning of meaning: Emerging insights on four grand questions. Review of General Psychology, 22(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1037/gpr0000145

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Baumeister, R. F., & Leary, M. R. (1995). The need to belong: Desire for interpersonal attachments as a fundamental human motivation. Psychological Bulletin, 117, 497–529.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baumeister, R. F., Vohs, K. D., Aaker, J. L., & Garbinsky, E. N. (2013). Some key differences between a happy life and a meaningful life. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 8(6), 505–516. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2013.830764

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Baumeister, R. F., Maranges, H. M., & Vohs, K. D. (2018). Human self as information agent: Functioning in a social environment based on shared meanings. Review of General Psychology, 22(1), 36–47. https://doi.org/10.1037/gpr0000114

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Becker, D., & Marecek, J. (2008). Positive psychology. Theory & Psychology, 18(5), 591–604. https://doi.org/10.1177/0959354308093397

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Berry, J. W., Segall, M. H., & Kagitcibasi, C. (1997). Handbook of cross-cultural psychology: Social behavior and applications. Boston, MA: Allyn & Bacon.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chiu, C., & Chen, J. (2004). Symbols and interactions: Application of the CCC model to culture, language, and social identity. In S. H. Ng, C. N. Candlin, & C. Y. Chiu (Eds.), Language matters: Communication, culture, and social identity (pp. 155–182). Hong Kong, China: City University of Hong Kong Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Christopher, J. C., & Hickinbottom, S. (2008). Positive psychology, ethnocentrism, and the disguised ideology of individualism. Theory & Psychology, 18(5), 563–589. https://doi.org/10.1177/0959354308093396

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Copeland-Linder, N. (2006). Stress among black women in a South African township: The protective role of religion. Journal of Community Psychology, 34(5), 577–599. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcop.20116

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cornell, A. W., & McGavin, B. (2008). Inner relationship focusing. The Folio A Journal for Focusing and Experiential Therapy, 21(1), 21–33.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cramm, J., Møller, V., & Nieboer, A. (2010). Improving subjective well-being of the poor in the Eastern Cape. Journal of Health Psychology, 15(7), 1012–1019. https://doi.org/10.1177/1359105310367833

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cruz, M. R., & Sonn, C. (2011). Decolonizing culture in community psychology. American Journal of Community Psychology, 47(1–2), 203–214. https://doi.org/10.1080/17437199.2017.1327325

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Czekierda, K., Banik, A., Park, C. L., & Luszczynska, A. (2017). Meaning in life and physical health: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Health Psychology Revolution, 11(4), 387–418. https://doi.org/10.1080/17437199.2017.1327325

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dambrun, M. (2017). Self-centeredness and selflessness: Happiness correlates and mediating psychological processes. PeerJ, 5, e3306. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.3306

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dambrun, M., Ricard, M., Despres, G., Drelon, E., Gibelin, E., Gibelin, M., et al. (2012). Measuring happiness: From fluctuating happiness to authentic-durable happiness. Frontiers in Psychology, 3, 16. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00016

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dandala, M. H. (2009). Cows never die. Embracing African cosmology in the process of economic growth. In M. F. Murove (Ed.), African ethics: An anthology of comparative and applied ethics (pp. 63–84). Scottsville, South Africa: University of Kwazulu-Natal Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Delle Fave, A. (2014). Harmony. In A. C. Michalos (Ed.), Encyclopedia of quality of life and well-being research (pp. 2695–2697). Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Delle Fave, A. (2017). Happiness lies in the middle: Evidence from theories and empirical findings, Keynote (F. Diener Lecture). Paper presented at the ISQOLS2017 Annual Conference on Quality of Life: Towards a better Society, Innsbruck, Austria.

    Google Scholar 

  • Delle Fave, A., & Massimini, F. (2015). Cultural change and human behaviour: Evolution or development? Crossing the border. International Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies, 3(1), 41–52.

    Google Scholar 

  • Delle Fave, A., & Soosai-Nathan, L. (2014). Meaning as inter-connectedness: Theoretical perspectives and empirical evidence. Journal of Psychology in Africa, 24(1), 33–43. https://doi.org/10.1080/14330237.2014.904090

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Delle Fave, A., Wissing, M., Brdar, I., Vella-Brodrick, D., & Freire, T. (2013). Cross-cultural perceptions of meaning and goals in adulthood: Their roots and relations with happiness. In A. S. Waterman (Ed.), The best within us: Positive psychology perspectives on eudaimonia (pp. 227–248). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

    Google Scholar 

  • Delle Fave, A., Brdar, I., Wissing, M. P., Araujo, U., Castro Solano, A., Freire, T., et al. (2016). Lay definitions of happiness across nations: The primacy of inner harmony and relational connectedness. Frontiers in Psychology, 7, 1–23. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00030

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Delle Fave, A., Bassi, M., Allegri, B., Cilia, S., Falautano, M., Goretti, B., et al. (2017). Beyond disease: Happiness, goals, and meanings among persons with multiple sclerosis and their caregivers. Frontiers in Psychology, 8, 2216. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.02216

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Demirci, İ., & Ekşi, H. (2018). Keep calm and be happy: A mixed method study from character strengths to well-being. Educational Sciences: Theory & Practice, 18, 303–354. https://doi.org/10.12738/estp.2018.2.0799

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dieleman, H. (2015). Transdisciplinary hermeneutics; working from the inner self, creating ecologies of knowing. Atlas, Transdisciplinary Journal of Engineering & Science, 6, 72–85.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fincham, F. D., & Beach, S. R. H. (2010). Of memes and marriage: Toward a positive relationship science. Journal of Family Theory and Review, 2, 4–24. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1756-2589.2010.00033.x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Finkenthal, M. (2016). Disciplinarian thinking, inter-disciplinarity and multi-disciplinarity revisited, with complexity in mind. In M. Micle & C. Mesaros (Eds.), Communication today: An overview from online journalism to applied philosophy (pp. 260–265). Budapest, Hungary: Trivent Publishing. https://doi.org/10.22618/TP.PCMS.20164.349024

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Fowers, B. J. (2010). Instrumentalism and psychology. Theory & Psychology, 20(1), 102–124. https://doi.org/10.1177/0959354309346080

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fowers, B. J. (2012). Placing virtue and the human good in psychology. Journal of Theoretical and Philosophical Psychology, 32(1), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0025819

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fowers, B. J., & Anderson, A. R. (2018). Aristotelian philia, contemporary friendship and some resources for studying close relationships. In T. Harisson & D. I. Walker (Eds.), The theory and practice of virtue education (pp. 184–196). London, UK: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.26385/SG.070218

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Gable, S. L., & Gosnell, C. L. (2011). The positive side of close relationships. In K. M. Sheldon, T. B. Kashdan, & M. F. Steger (Eds.), Designing positive psychology: Taking stock and moving forward (pp. 265–279). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gable, S. L., & Reis, H. T. (2010). Good news! Capitalizing on positive events in an interpersonal context. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 42, 195–257.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gable, S. L., Gonzaga, G. C., & Strachman, A. (2006). Will you be there for me when things go right? Supportive responses to positive event disclosures. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 91(5), 904–917. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.91.5.904

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gendlin, E. T. (1996). Focusing-oriented psychotherapy: A manual of the experiential method. New York, NY: Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • George, L. S., & Park, C. L. (2016). Meaning in life as comprehension, purpose, and mattering: Toward integration and new research questions. Review of General Psychology, 20(3), 205–220. https://doi.org/10.1037/gpr0000077

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gere, J., & Macdonald, G. (2013). Assessing relationship quality across cultures: An examination of measurement equivalence. Personal Relationships, 20(3), 422–442. https://doi.org/10.1111/pere.12001

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Greeff, A. P., & Loubser, K. (2008). Spirituality as a resiliency quality in Xhosa-speaking families in South Africa. Journal of Religion and Health, 47(3), 288–301. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-007-9157-7

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gyekye, K. (1995). An essay on African philosophical thought: The Akan conceptual scheme. Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harrell, S. P. (2015). Culture, wellness, and world “PEaCE”: An introduction to person-environment-and-culture-emergence theory. Community Psychology in Global Perspective, 1(1), 16–49.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harrell, S. P. (2018). ‘Being human together’: Positive relationships in the context of diversity, culture, and collective well-being. In M. A. Warren & S. I. Donaldson (Eds.), Toward a positive psychology of relationships: New directions in theory and research (pp. 247–284). Santa Barbara, CA: Praeger.

    Google Scholar 

  • Heine, S. J., Proulx, T., & Vohs, K. D. (2006). The meaning maintenance model: On the coherence of social motivations. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 10(32), 88–110.

    Google Scholar 

  • Held, B. S. (2016). The negative side of positive psychology. Journal of Humanistic Psychology, 44(1), 9–46. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022167803259645

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Held, B. S. (2017). Positive psychology’s a priori problem. Journal of Humanistic Psychology, 58(3), 313–342. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022167817739409

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Helne, T., & Hirvilammi, T. (2015). Wellbeing and sustainability: A relational approach. Sustainable Development, 23(3), 167–175. https://doi.org/10.1002/sd.1581

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hershfield, H. E., Scheibe, S., Sims, T. L., & Carstensen, L. L. (2013). When feeling bad can be good: Mixed emotions benefit physical health across adulthood. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 4(1), 54–61. https://doi.org/10.1177/1948550612444616

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Herzlich, C. (2018). A journey in the field of health: From social psychology to multi-disciplinarity. Journal of Health Psychology, 23(3), 386–396. https://doi.org/10.1177/1359105317709474

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ho, M., Cheung, F. M., & Cheung, S. F. (2010). The role of meaning in life and optimism in promoting well-being. Personality and Individual Differences, 48(5), 658–663. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2010.01.008

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, J., & Wood, A. M. (2015). Integrating positive and clinical psychology: Viewing human functioning as continua from positive to negative can benefit clinical assessment, interventions and understandings of resilience. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 41(3), 335–349. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-015-9728-y

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Joshanloo, M. (2010). Investigation of the contribution of spirituality and religiousness to hedonic and eudaimonic well-being in Iranian young adults. Journal of Happiness Studies, 12(6), 915–930. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-010-9236-4

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Karasawa, M., Curhan, K. B., Markus, H. R., Kitayama, S. S., Love, G. D., Radler, B. T., et al. (2011). Cultural perspectives on aging and well-being: A comparison of Japan and the United States. International Journal of Aging & Human Development, 73(1), 73–98. https://doi.org/10.2190/AG.73.1.d

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kashima, Y. (2014). How can you capture cultural dynamics? Frontiers in Psychology, 5, 995. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00995

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Keyes, C. L. (1998). Social well-being. Social Psychology Quarterly, 61(2), 121–140.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kimhi, S. (2016). Levels of resilience: Associations among individual, community, and national resilience. Journal of Health Psychology, 21(2), 164–170. https://doi.org/10.1177/1359105314524009

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • King, L. A., Hicks, J. A., Krull, J. L., & Del Gaiso, A. K. (2006). Positive affect and the experience of meaning in life. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 90(1), 179–196. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.90.1.179

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • King, L. A., Heintzelman, S. J., & Ward, S. J. (2016). Beyond the search for meaning. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 25(4), 211–216. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721416656354

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kuppens, P., Realo, A., & Diener, E. (2008). The role of positive and negative emotions in life satisfaction judgment across nations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 95(1), 66–75. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.95.1.66

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lambert, N. M., Stillman, T. F., Hicks, J. A., Kamble, S., Baumeister, R. F., & Fincham, F. D. (2013). To belong is to matter: Sense of belonging enhances meaning in life. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 39(11), 1418–1427. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167213499186

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lifton, R. J. (1979). The broken connection: On death and the continuity of life. New York, NY: Simon & Schuster.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lomas, T. (2016). Positive psychology – the second wave. The Psychologist, 29, 536–539.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lomas, T. (2018). The quiet virtues of sadness: A selective theoretical and interpretative appreciation of its potential contribution to wellbeing. New Ideas in Psychology, 49, 18–26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.newideapsych.2018.01.002

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lomas, T., & Ivtzan, I. (2015). Second wave positive psychology: Exploring the positive–negative dialectics of wellbeing. Journal of Happiness Studies, 17(4), 1753–1768. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-015-9668-y

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Madsen, K. B. (1988). A history of psychology in metascientific perspective. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: Elsevier.

    Google Scholar 

  • Majors, K. (2012). Friendships: The power of positive alliance. In S. Roffey (Ed.), Positive relationships: Evidence based practice across the world (pp. 127–143). Dotrecht, The Netherlands: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Martela, F., & Steger, M. F. (2016). The three meanings of meaning in life: Distinguishing coherence, purpose, and significance. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 11(5), 531–545. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2015.1137623

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Marujo, H. Á., & Neto, L. M. (2014). Felicitas Publica and community well-being: Nourishing relational goods through dialogic conversations between deprived and privileged populations. Journal of Psychology in Africa, 24(1), 102–114. https://doi.org/10.1080/14330237.2014.904096

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mason, H. D. (2013). Meaning in life within an African context: A mixed method study. Journal of Psychology in Africa, 23(4), 635–638. https://doi.org/10.1080/14330237.2013.10820679

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McNulty, J. K., & Fincham, F. D. (2012). Beyond positive psychology? Toward a contextual view of psychological processes and well-being. American Psychologist, 67(2), 101–110.

    Google Scholar 

  • Metz, T. (2015). Précis of meaning in life: An analytic study. European Journal for Philosophy of Religion, 8(2), 1–4.

    Google Scholar 

  • Meunier, V., & Baker, W. (2012). Positive couple relationships: The evidence for long-lasting relationship satisfaction and happiness. In S. Roffey (Ed.), Positive relationships: Evidence based practice across the world (pp. 73–89). Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mikulincer, M., Florian, V., & Hirschberger, G. (2004). The terror of death and the quest for love: An existential perspective on close relationships. In J. Greenberg, S. L. Koole, T. Pyszczynski, J. Greenberg, S. L. Koole, & T. Pyszczynski (Eds.), Handbook of experimental existential psychology (pp. 287–304). New York, NY: Guilford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nafstad, H. E., Blakar, R. M., Carlquist, E., Phelps, J. M., & Rand-Hendriksen, K. (2009). Globalization, neo-liberalism and community psychology. American Journal of Community Psychology, 43(1–2), 162–175. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10464-008-9216-6

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Neff, K. D., & Costigan, A. P. (2014). Self-compassion, wellbeing, and happiness. Psychologie in Österreich, 2(3), 113–119.

    Google Scholar 

  • Newton, T., & McIntosh, D. N. (2013). Unique contributions of religion to meaning. In J. A. Hicks & C. Routledge (Eds.), The experience of meaning in life (pp. 257–269). Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-6527-6_20

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Nicolescu, B. (2010). Methodology of transdisciplinarity – levels of reality, logic of the included middle and complexity. Transdisciplinary Journal of Engineering & Science, 1(1), 19–38.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nicolescu, B. (2012). Transdisciplinarity: The hidden third, between the subject and the object. Human & Social Studies, 1(2), 13–28. https://doi.org/10.2478/v10317-012-0002-5

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nicolescu, B. (2014a). From modernity to cosmodernity: Science, culture, and spirituality. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nicolescu, B. (2014b). Methodology of transdisciplinarity. World Futures, 70(3–4), 186–199. https://doi.org/10.1080/02604027.2014.934631

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nicolescu, B. (2015a). The hidden third and the multiple splendor of being. In V. Bazhanov & R. W. Scholz (Eds.), Transdisciplinarity in philosophy and science: Approaches, problems, prospects (pp. 62–79). Moscow, Russia: Russia Navigator.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nicolescu, B. (2015b). Transdisciplinary methodology of the dialogue between people, cultures, and spiritualities. Human & Social Studies, 4(2), 15–28. https://doi.org/10.1515/hssr-2015-0011

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nwoye, A. (2015). What is African psychology the psychology of? Theory & Psychology, 25(1), 96–116. https://doi.org/10.1177/0959354314565116

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nwoye, A. (2017). An Africentric theory of human personhood. Psychology in Society, 54, 42–66.

    Google Scholar 

  • O’Connell, B. H., O’Shea, D., & Gallagher, S. (2016). Enhancing social relationships through positive psychology activities: A randomised controlled trial. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 11(2), 149–162. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2015.1037860

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ogbonnaya, A. O. (1994). Person as community: An African understanding of the person as an intrapsychic community. Journal of Black Psychology, 20(1), 75–87. https://doi.org/10.1177/00957984940201007

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pawelski, J. O. (2016a). Defining the ‘positive’ in positive psychology: Part I. A descriptive analysis. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 11(4), 339–356. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2015.1137627

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pawelski, J. O. (2016b). Defining the ‘positive’ in positive psychology: Part II. A normative analysis. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 11(4), 357–365. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2015.1137628

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Prilleltensky, I., & Prilleltensky, O. (2007). Webs of well-being: The interdependence of personal, relational, organizational and communal well-being. In J. Haworth & G. Hart (Eds.), Well-being: Individual, community and social perspectives (pp. 57–76). London, UK: Palgrave Macmillan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rathi, N., & Rastogi, R. (2007). Meaning in life and psychosocial wellbeing in pre adolescents and adolescents. Journal of the Indian Academy of Applied Psychology, 33(1), 31–38.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reker, G. T., & Wong, P. T. P. (2012). Personal meaning in life and psychosocial adaptation in the later years. In P. T. P. Wong (Ed.), The human quest for meaning: Theories, research, and applications (pp. 433–456). New York, NY: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reker, G. T., & Woo, L. C. (2011). Personal meaning orientations and psychosocial adaptation in older adults. SAGE Open, 1(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244011405217

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Richardson, F. C. (2012). On psychology and virtue ethics. Journal of Theoretical and Philosophical Psychology, 32(1), 24–34. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0026058

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Richardson, F. C., & Guignon, C. B. (2008). Positive psychology and philosophy of social science. Theory & Psychology, 18(5), 605–627. https://doi.org/10.1177/0959354308093398

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rojas, M. (2004). The complexity of well-being: A life satisfaction conception and a domains-of-life approach. Paper presented at the International Workshop on Researching Well-being in Developing Countries, Bremen, Germany.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rojas, M. (2014). Encyclopedia of quality of life and well-being research. In A. C. Michalos (Ed.), Encyclopedia of quality of life and well-being research. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rojas, M. (2018). Indicators of people’s well-being. Social Indicators Research, 135(3), 941–950. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-016-1507-y

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ryff, C. D. (2014). Self realisation and meaning making in the face of adversity: A eudaimonic approach to human resilience. Journal of Psychology in Africa, 24(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1080/14330237.2014.904098

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ryff, C. D., & Singer, B. H. (1998). The contours of positive human health. Psychological Inquiry, 9(1), 1–28. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327965pli0901_1

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ryff, C. D., & Singer, B. H. (2000). Interpersonal flourishing: A positive health agenda for the new millennium. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 4(1), 30–44.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ryff, C. D., & Singer, B. H. (2008). Know thyself and become what you are: A eudaimonic approach to psychological well-being. Journal of Happiness Studies, 9, 13–39. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-006-9019-0

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ryff, C. D., Singer, B. H., & Love, D. G. (2004). Positive health: Connecting well-being with biology. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B. Biological Sciences, 359, 1383–1394. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2004.1521

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schimmack, U., Oishi, S., & Diener, E. (2002). Cultural influences on the relation between pleasant emotions and unpleasant emotions: Asian dialectic philosophies or individualism-collectivism? Cognition & Emotion, 16(6), 705–719.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schlegel, R. J., & Hicks, J. A. (2016). Reflections on the scientific study of meaning in life. Journal of Constructivist Psychology, 30(1), 26–31. https://doi.org/10.1080/10720537.2015.1119080

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schlegel, R. J., Hicks, J. A., King, L. A., & Arndt, J. (2011). Feeling like you know who you are: Perceived true selfknowledge and meaning in life. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 37(6), 745–756.

    Google Scholar 

  • Seligman, M. E. P. (2002). Authentic happiness: Using the new positive psychology to realize your potential for lasting fulfillment. New York, NY: Free Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Seligman, M. E. P., & Csikszentmihalyi, M. (2000). Positive psychology: An introduction. American Psychologist, 55(1), 5–14.

    Google Scholar 

  • Selvam, S. G. (2013). Towards religious spirituality. Journal for the Study of Religions and Ideologies, 12(36), 129–152.

    Google Scholar 

  • Selvam, S. G. (2015). Pastoral care of the family in the light of sound psychology. Paper presented at the Tangaza Conference on Family Nairobi, Kenya.

    Google Scholar 

  • Selvam, S. G., & Collicutt, J. (2013). The ubiquity of the character strengths in African traditional religion: A thematic analysis. In H. H. Knoop & A. D. Fave (Eds.), Well-being and cultures: A positive psychology perspective (pp. 83–102). Heidelberg, Germany: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-4611-4_6

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Slife, B. D., & Richardson, F. C. (2008). Problematic ontological underpinnings of positive psychology. Theory & Psychology, 18(5), 699–723. https://doi.org/10.1177/0959354308093403

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Slife, B. D., O’Grady, K. A., & Kosits, R. D. (2017). The hidden worldviews of psychology’s theory, research, and practice. New York, NY: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Steger, M. F. (2012). Experiencing meaning in life: Optimal functioning at the nexus of well-being, psychopathology, and spirituality. In P. T. P. Wong (Ed.), The human quest for meaning (2nd ed., pp. 165–184). New York, NY: Taylor & Francis.

    Google Scholar 

  • Steger, M. F., Oishi, S., & Kashdan, T. B. (2009). Meaning in life across the life span: Levels and correlates of meaning in life from emerging adulthood to older adulthood. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 4(1), 43–52. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760802303127

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stroink, M., & DeCicco, T. (2011). Culture, religion, and the underlying value dimensions of the metapersonal self-construal. Mental Health, Religion & Culture, 14(9), 917–934. https://doi.org/10.1080/13674676.2010.536979

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tamir, M., & Gross, J. J. (2011). Beyond pleasure and pain? Emotion regulation and positive psychology. In K. M. Sheldon, T. B. Kashdan, & M. F. Steger (Eds.), Designing positive psychology: Taking stock and moving forward (pp. 89–100). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Theron, L. C., & Theron, A. M. C. (2014). Meaning-making and resilience: Case studies of a multifaceted process. Journal of Psychology in Africa, 24(1), 24–32. https://doi.org/10.1080/14330237.2014.904099

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Triandis, H. C. (1994). Culture and social behavior. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.

    Google Scholar 

  • Triandis, H. C. (1996). The psychological measurement of cultural syndromes. American Psychologist, 51(4), 407–415.

    Google Scholar 

  • Uchida, Y., & Ogihara, Y. (2012). Personal or interpersonal construal of happiness: A cultural psychological perspective. International Journal of Wellbeing, 2(4), 354–369. https://doi.org/10.5502/ijw.v2.i4.5

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Urata, Y. (2015). A psychological model to determine meaning in life and meaning of life. Journal of Philosophy of Life, 5(3), 215–227.

    Google Scholar 

  • Van Tongeren, D. R., DeWall, C. N., Green, J. D., Cairo, A. H., Davis, D. E., & Hook, J. N. (2018). Self-regulation facilitates meaning in life. Review of General Psychology, 22(1), 95–106. https://doi.org/10.1037/gpr0000121

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • VanderWeele, T. J. (2017). On the promotion of human flourishing. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 1–9. doi:https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1702996114

  • Walsh, K., O’Shea, E., Scharf, T., & Shucksmith, M. (2014). Exploring the impact of informal practices on social exclusion and age-friendliness for older people in rural communities. Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology, 24(1), 37–49. https://doi.org/10.1002/casp

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wang, S.-Y., Wong, Y. J., & Yeh, K.-H. (2016). Relationship harmony, dialectical coping, and nonattachment: Chinese indigenous well-being and mental health. The Counseling Psychologist, 44(1), 78–108. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011000015616463

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wang, S.-Y., Wong, Y. J., Yeh, K.-H., & Wang, L. (2018). What makes a meaningful life? Examining the effects of interpersonal harmony, dialectical coping, and nonattachment. Asian Journal of Social Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajsp.12212

  • Warren, M. A., & Donaldson, S. I. (2018). Toward a positive psychology of relationships: New directions in theory and research. Santa Barbara, CA: Praeger.

    Google Scholar 

  • White, S. C. (2010). Analysing wellbeing: A framework for development practice. Development in Practice, 20(2), 158–172. https://doi.org/10.1080/09614520903564199

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • White, S. C. (2017). Relational wellbeing: Re-centring the politics of happiness, policy and the self. Policy & Politics, 45(2), 121–136. https://doi.org/10.1332/030557317x14866576265970

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wilson, A., & Mittelmark, M. B. (2013). Resources for adjusting well to work migration: Women from northern Ghana working in Head Porterage in Greater Accra. Africa Today, 59(4), 25–38.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilson, A., & Somhlaba, N. Z. (2016). Dynamics and perceptions of social support and their impact on well-being: A qualitative study of adolescents in Northern Ghana. International Journal of Mental Health Promotion, 18(5), 263–275. https://doi.org/10.1080/14623730.2016.1243485

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wilson, A., & Somhlaba, N. Z. (2017). Gender, age, religion and positive mental health among adolescents in a Ghanaian socio-cultural context. Child Indicators Research. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12187-017-9495-2

  • Wilson, A., Wissing, M. P., Schutte, L., & Kruger, I. M. (2018a). Understanding goal motivations in deprived contexts: Perspectives of adults in two rural South African communities. Applied Research in Quality of Life. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11482-017-9583-y

  • Wilson, A., Wissing, M. P., & Schutte, L. (2018b). “We help each other”: Relational patterns among older individuals in south African samples. Applied Research in Quality of Life, 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11482-018-9657-5

  • Wissing, M. P. (2014). Meaning and relational well-being: A reflection on the state of the art and a way forward. Journal of Psychology in Africa, 24(1), 115–121. https://doi.org/10.1080/14330237.2014.904100

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wissing, M. P. (2016). The dance of sun and shadow in multicultural well-being: Cultures of positivity in South Africa (Invited keynote). Paper presented at the Italian Positive Psychology Conference Cesena, Italy.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wissing, M. P. (2018). Embracing well-being in diverse contexts: The Third Wave of positive psychology (Invited speaker). Paper presented at the First Africa Positive Psychology Conference Potchefstroom, South Africa.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wissing, M. P., & Temane, Q. M. (2013). The prevalence of levels of well-being revisited in an African context. In C. L. M. Keyes (Ed.), Mental well-being: International contributions to the study of positive mental health (pp. 71–90). Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-5195-8_4

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Wissing, M. P., Khumalo, I. P., & Chigeza, S. C. (2014). Meaning as perceived and experienced by an African student group. Journal of Psychology in Africa, 24(1), 92–101. https://doi.org/10.1080/14330237.2014.904101

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wong, P. T. P. (2011). Positive psychology 2.0: Towards a balanced interactive model of the good life. Canadian Psychology, 52(2), 69–81.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wong, P. T. P. (2016). Acceptance, transcendence, and yin-yang dialectics: The three basic tenets of second wave positive psychology. www.drpaulwong.com/inpm-presidents-report-november-2016

Download references

Acknowledgment

This work is based on research supported in part by the National Research Foundation (NRF) of South Africa (Grant no.106050). It is acknowledged that opinions, findings, conclusions, and recommendations expressed are those of the authors and that the NRF accepts no liability in this regard.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Marié P. Wissing .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2019 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Wissing, M.P., Schutte, L., Wilson Fadiji, A. (2019). Cultures of Positivity: Interconnectedness as a Way of Being. In: Eloff, I. (eds) Handbook of Quality of Life in African Societies. International Handbooks of Quality-of-Life. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-15367-0_1

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-15367-0_1

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-030-15366-3

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-030-15367-0

  • eBook Packages: Social SciencesSocial Sciences (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics