Skip to main content

The Steps of Evidence-Based Practice in Clinical Practice: An Overview

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Evidence-Based Practice in Clinical Social Work

Part of the book series: Essential Clinical Social Work Series ((ECSWS))

Abstract

The EBP practice decision-making process is implemented in six steps. This chapter outlines each of these six steps and their purposes. Following a thorough assessment, Step 1 is to identify practice information needs based on the assessment, Step 2 is to efficiently locate relevant information, Step 3 is to evaluate its quality and relevance to the specific client, Step 4 is to actively and collaboratively discuss the best available research results with the client, Step 5 is to collaboratively finalize a treatment plan, and Step 6 is to implement the treatment. The PICOT model, another model to conceptualize the clinician’s role in EBP, is also explicated. The hierarchy of research evidenced, drawn from evidence-based medicine, is introduced. The different logic and methods of EBP and of practice evaluation are examined. Resources for locating practice research are introduced. A clinical case example of the EBP process is provided.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 69.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 119.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed., text revision). Washington, DC: Author.

    Google Scholar 

  • American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.; DSM-5). Washington, D.C.: American Psychiatric Publishing.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beach, M., Price, E., Gary, T., Robinson, K. A., Gozu, A., Palacio, A., et al. (2005). Cultural competence: A systematic review of health care provider educational interventions. Medical Care, 43, 356–368.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Benuto, L. (2013). Guide to psychological assessment with Hispanics. New York: Springer Science+Business Media.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Benuto, L., & Leany, B. D. (Eds.). (2015). Guide to psychological assessment with African Americans. New York: Springer Science+Business Media.

    Google Scholar 

  • Benuto, L., Thaler, N., & Leany, B. D. (Eds.). (2014). Guide to psychological assessment with Asians. New York: Springer Science+Business Media.

    Google Scholar 

  • Betancourt, J. (2003). Cross-cultural medical education: Conceptual approaches and frameworks for evaluation. Academic Medicine, 78(6), 560–569.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brown, L. (2005). The neglect of lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgendered clients. In J. Norcross, L. Beutler, & R. Levant (Eds.), Evidence-based practices in mental health (pp. 346–352). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

    Google Scholar 

  • Campbell, D., & Stanley, J. (1963). Experimental and quasi-experimental designs for research. New York: Wadsworth.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carr, A. (2009). What works with children, adolescents and adults? New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Castonguay, L., & Beutler, L. (Eds.). (2006). Principles of therapeutic change that work. New York/Oxford: University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Drisko, J. (2017). Active collaboration with clients: An under-emphasized but vital part of evidence-based practice. Social Work, 62(2), 114–121.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Drisko, J., Corbin, J., & Begay, P. (2019). Multiple ways of knowing: Teaching research under EPAS 2015. Journal of Ethnic & Cultural Diversity in Social Work.https://doi.org/10.1080/15313204.2019.1590887.

  • Ebell, M. (2001). Evidence-based diagnosis: A handbook of clinical prediction rules. New York: Springer.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Fonagy, P., Cottrell, D., Phillips, J., Bevington, D., Glaser, D., & Allison, E. (2015). What works for whom? A critical review of treatments for children and adolescents (2nd ed.). New York: Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Forneris, C., Nussbaumer, B., Kaminski-Hartenthaler, A., Morgan, L., Gaynes, B., Sonis, J. H., et al. (2015). Psychological therapies for preventing seasonal affective disorder. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2015(11). https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD011270.pub2

  • Gambrill, E. (2001). Social work: An authority-based profession. Research on Social Work Practice, 11, 166–175.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gibbs, L. (2002). Evidence-based practice for the helping professions: A practical guide. New York: Brooks-Cole.

    Google Scholar 

  • Glasgow, R., Lichtenstein, E., & Marcus, A. (2003). Why don’t we see more translation of health promotion research to practice? Rethinking the efficacy-to-effectiveness transition. American Journal of Public Health, 93(8), 1261–1267.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Golden, R., Gaynes, B., Ekstrom, R., Hamer, R., Jacobsen, F., Sippes, T., et al. (2005). The efficacy of light therapy in the treatment of mood disorders: A review and meta-analysis of the evidence. American Journal of Psychiatry, 162(4), 656–662.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Goodheart, C., Kazdin, A., & Sternberg, R. (Eds.). (2006). Evidence-based psychotherapy: Where research and practice meet. Washington, D.C.: American Psychological Association.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grady, M. D., & Drisko, J. (2014). Thorough clinical assessment: The hidden foundation of evidence-based practice. Families in Society, 95(1), 5–14.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Greenhalgh, T., Howick, J., & Maskrey, N. (2014). Evidence-based medicine: A movement in crisis? British Medical Journal [BMJ], 348, g3725. Retrieved from https://www.bmj.com/content/348/bmj.g3725

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Huey, S., Tilley, J., Jones, E., & Smith, C. (2014). The contribution of cultural competency to evidence-based care for ethnically diverse populations. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 10, 305–338.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hunsley, J., Elliott, K., & Therrien, Z. (2013). The efficacy and effectiveness of psychological treatments. Ottawa, ON: Canadian Psychological Association.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jones, R. (1996). Handbook of test and measurements for black populations. (2 vols.). Hampton, VA: Cobb & Henry.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kaminski-Hartenthaler, A., Nussbaumer, B., Forneris, C. A., Morgan, L. C., Gaynes, B. N., Sonis, J. H., et al. (2015, 2015). Melatonin and agomelatine for preventing seasonal affective disorder. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, (11), CD011271.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kutchins, H., & Kirk, S. (1988). The business of diagnosis: DSM-III and clinical social work. Social Work, 33(3), 215–220.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Levant, R., & Silverstein, L. (2005). Gender is neglected by both evidence-based practices and treatment as usual. In J. Norcross, L. Beutler, & R. Levant (Eds.), Evidence-based practices in mental health (pp. 338–345). Washington, D.C.: American Psychological Association.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marsh, J., Angell, B., Andrews, C., & Curry, A. (2012). Client-provider relationship and treatment outcome: A systematic review of substance abuse, child welfare, and mental health services research. Journal of the Society for Social Work and Research, 3(4), 233–267.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Michigan Quality Improvement Consortium. (2010, January). Primary care diagnosis and management of adults with depression. Southfield, MI: Michigan Quality Improvement Consortium. Retrieved from http://guidelines.gov/content.aspx?id=15647&search=major+depression

  • Muran, J.C., & Barber, J. (Eds.). (2010). The therapeutic alliance: An evidence-based guide to practice. New York: Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • National Association of Social Workers (NASW). (2017). Code of ethics. Washington, D.C.: NASW Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Norcross, J. (Ed.). (2011). Psychotherapy relationships that work: Evidence-based responsiveness (2nd ed.). New York: Oxford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nussbaumer, B., Kaminski-Hartenthaler, A., Forneris, C. A., Morgan, L. C., Sonis, J. H., Gaynes, B., et al. (2015). Light therapy for preventing seasonal affective disorder. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2015(11), CD011269.

    Google Scholar 

  • Olkin, R., & Taliferro, G. (2005). Evidence-based practices have ignored people with disabilities. In J. Norcross, L. Beutler, & R. Levant (Eds.), Evidence-based practices in mental health (pp. 3352–3358). Washington, D.C.: American Psychological Association.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ortega, R., & Coulborn Faller, K. (2011). Training child welfare workers from an intersectional cultural humility perspective: A paradigm shift. Child Welfare, 90(5), 27–49.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Oxford Centre for Evidence-based Medicine. (2009, March). Levels of evidence. Retrieved from http://www.cebm.net/index.aspx?o=1025

  • Oxford University Centre for Evidence-based Medicine. (2016, May). The Oxford levels of evidence 2.1. Retrieved from https://www.cebm.net/2016/05/ocebm-levels-of-evidence/

  • Oxford University Centre for Evidence-based Medicine. (2018). Levels of evidence: Introductory document. Retrieved from https://www.cebm.net/2011/06/2011-oxford-cebm-levels-evidence-introductory-document/

  • Petr, C. (Ed.). (2009). Multidimensional evidence-based practice: Synthesizing knowledge, research, and values. New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Richardson, W., Wilson, M., Nishikawa, J., & Hayward, R. (1995). The well-built clinical question: A key to evidence-based decisions [Editorial]. American College of Physicians Journal Club, 123, A12–A13.

    Google Scholar 

  • Romana, H.-W. (2006). Is evidence-based medicine patient-centered and is patient-centered care evidence-based? Health Services Research, 41(1), 1–8.

    Article  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Roth, A., & Fonagy, P. (2005). What works for whom? A critical review of psychotherapy research (2nd ed.). New York: Guilford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rubin, A. (2008). Practitioner’s guide to using research for evidence-based practice. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sackett, D., Richardson, W., Rosenberg, W., & Haynes, R. (1997). Evidence-based medicine: How to practice and teach EBM. New York: Churchill Livingston.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sackett, D., Rosenberg, W., Muir Gray, J. A., Haynes, R. B., & Richardson, W. S. (1996). Editorial: Evidence-based medicine: What it is and what it isn’t. British Medical Journal, 312, 71–72.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Signal, A., Higgins, P., & Waljee, A. (2014). A primer on effectiveness and efficacy trials. Clinical and Translational Gastroenterology, 5(1), e45. [online document]. https://doi.org/10.1038/ctg.2013.13

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Smedley, B., Stith, A., & Nelson, R. (Eds.). (2002). Unequal treatment: Confronting racial and ethnic disparities in care. Washington, D.C.: The National Academies Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sue, S., & Zane, N. (2005). Ethnic minority populations have been neglected by evidence-based practice. In J. Norcross, L. Beutler, & R. Levant (Eds.), Evidence-based practices in mental health (pp. 329–337). Washington, D.C.: American Psychological Association.

    Google Scholar 

  • Terman, M. (2006). Review: Light therapy is an effective treatment for seasonal affective disorder. Evidence-Based Mental Health, 9, 21.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tervalon, M., & Murray-Garcia, J. (1998). Cultural humility versus cultural competence: A critical distinction in defining physician training outcomes in multicultural education. Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved, 9(2), 117–125.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Thaler, K., Delivuk, M., Chapman, A., Gaynes, B. N., Kaminski, A., & Gartlehner, G. (2011). Second-generation antidepressants for seasonal affective disorder. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2011(12), CD008591.

    Google Scholar 

  • Turner, F. (2002). Diagnosis in social work: New imperatives. Binghamton, NY: Haworth.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vogel, G. (2018). Fresh fights roil evidence-based medicine group. Science, 362(6416), 735.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wampold, B. (2010). The basics of psychotherapy: An introduction to theory and practice. Washington, D.C.: American Psychological Association.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weisz, J., & Kazdin, A. (Eds.). (2017). Evidence-based psychotherapies for children and adolescents (3rd ed.). New York: Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Williams, D., Yu, Y., & Jackson, J. (1997). Racial differences in physical and mental health. Journal of Health Psychology, 2(3), 335–351.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zayas, L., Drake, B., & Jonson-Reid, M. (2011). Overrating or dismissing the value of evidence-based practice: Consequences for clinical practice. Clinical Social Work Journal, 39(4), 400–405.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zilcha-Mano, S., Muran, J. C., Hungr, C., Eubanks, C., Safran, J., & Winston, A. (2016). The relationship between alliance and outcome: Analysis of a two-person perspective on alliance and session outcome. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 84(6), 484–496.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Zulman, D., Sussman, J., Chen, X., Cigolle, C., Blaum, C., & Hayward, R. (2011, February 1). Examining the evidence: A systematic review of the inclusion and analysis of older adults in randomized controlled trials. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 26, 783. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-010-1629-x

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2019 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Drisko, J.W., Grady, M.D. (2019). The Steps of Evidence-Based Practice in Clinical Practice: An Overview. In: Evidence-Based Practice in Clinical Social Work. Essential Clinical Social Work Series. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-15224-6_3

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics