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Physics and Technical Principles of Three-Dimensional Echocardiography

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Abstract

The backbone of the three-dimensional echocardiography (3DE) technology is the transducer. Understanding the physics of 3DE and the way the matrix transducer works is pivotal for successful acquisition of good quality 3DE data sets. Different 3DE acquisition modalities are available (real-time/live, multi-beat, zoom, full-volume, color) to adapt to the different clinical needs. Once acquired, 3DE data sets should be postprocessed by cropping, rotating and slicing them in order to obtain the images that are needed to meet the clinical or research needs. Different ways of displaying the data sets are also available: volume rendering (to show anatomy), wireframe or solid surface rendering (for quantitative analysis) and multislice (for analysis of regional function and anatomy and 2D quantitative analysis). Moreover, new display modalities (such as stereoscopic vision, 3D printing and holography) are entering the clinical arena to provide an actual 3D appreciation and manipulation of images.

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Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. University of Milano-Bicocca, and Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, San Luca Hospital, Milano, Italy

    Denisa Muraru & Luigi P. Badano

Authors
  1. Denisa Muraru
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  2. Luigi P. Badano
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Luigi P. Badano .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. University of Milano-Bicocca and Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, San Luca Hospital, Milano, Italy

    Luigi P. Badano

  2. Department of Medicine, University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA

    Roberto M. Lang

  3. University of Milano-Bicocca and Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, San Luca Hospital, Milano, Italy

    Denisa Muraru

Electronic Supplementary Material

Biplane acquisition. Simultaneous acquisition of parasternal long-axis and short-axis view at the level of the aortic valve. The reference plane is the yellow one (parasternal long-axis) and the position of the orthogonal plane (white plane) can be adjusted using the track ball (AVI 33660 kb)

Triplane acquisition. Simultaneous acquisition of three apical views: four chamber (yellow plane, the reference plane), two-chamber (white plane) and long-axis (green plane). By default the three apical views are acquired at 0°, 60° and 120°, respectively. The angle of rotation can be adjusted by the operator during acquisition (AVI 19248 kb)

Final volume-rendering display of the mitral valve from the atrial perspective. Mitral valve atrial perspective (right panel) after having cropped and rotated the data set. Left panels show the reference plane (left upper plane) and the elevation plane (left lower plane) with the position of the cropping plane (broken orange line) and the point of view (yellow arrow) (AVI 5947 kb)

LV full volume. Full volume display of a 3DE data set of the left ventricle (AVI 18681 kb)

5 slices. Five-slice display of a 3DE data set of the left ventricle. The reference plane (left upper quadrant) and the elevation plane (left lower panel) are shown along to three transversal cut planes: apical (right upper panel) taken at the level of the white broken line shown at the apex of the left ventricle in the longitudinal planePlanelongitudinals, and the basal (right lower panel) taken at the level of the white broken line shown at the apex of the left ventricle in the longitudinal planePlanelongitudinals. The intermediate transversal cut plane is equidistant from the apical and the basal one (AVI 20295 kb)

7 slice. Seven sliceData processingslicing display a 3DE data set of the left ventricle. The three longitudinal views are positioned (by default) a 60° (two-chamber view, right upper panel) and 120° (longitudinal view, left lower panel) from the reference view (four-chamber view, left upper panel). The position of the apical and basal transversal panes is shown by the corresponding white broken lines depicted on the longitudinal views. The two intermediate transversal cut planes are equidistant from the basal and apical views (AVI 27051 kb)

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Muraru, D., Badano, L.P. (2019). Physics and Technical Principles of Three-Dimensional Echocardiography. In: Badano, L., Lang, R., Muraru, D. (eds) Textbook of Three-Dimensional Echocardiography. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-14032-8_2

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-14032-8_2

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  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-030-14030-4

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-030-14032-8

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