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Phycoremediation of Petroleum Hydrocarbon-Polluted Sites: Application, Challenges, and Future Prospects

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Application of Microalgae in Wastewater Treatment

Abstract

Impoverished communities everywhere in the world face challenges with respect to the treatment of wastewater. In particular, rural areas and remote communities with low socioeconomic conditions may lack conventional centralized wastewater treatment systems. As a result, in many instances, wastewater may be disposed without appropriate treatment, thus contaminating drinking water resources. Even if the communities choose a minimal effort and cost system for wastewater treatment, existing decontamination techniques do not provide complete reduction in biodegradable organic materials, pathogens, nutrients, etc., from the wastewater. Particularly, wastewater containing petrochemical hydrocarbons is of major concern under varying climatic conditions because of their high sensitivity to subsurface variability, which enables the pollutants to spread widely. Thus, engineered bioremediation is a promising cost-effective technique that is widely used to accelerate degradation and biotransformation of different pollutants. Phycoremediation is a technique using algae through various mechanisms for pollutant removal or biotransformation that includes nutrients, heavy metals, hydrocarbons, and pesticides. In addition to the removal of pollutants, this mechanism yields algal biomass as an interesting raw material for a diversity of valuable products and biofuel. In this book chapter, we give a comprehensive compilation of existing knowledge and future prospects of algal application in remediation of petrochemical hydrocarbon pollution. Further, this chapter discusses the biogeochemical pathway leading to degradation of petrochemical-polluted soils and groundwater using phycoremediation techniques. The emphasis of the chapter is on present practical applications and the technological constraints to employing sustainable methods. The knowledge pool of this chapter will help in applying decontamination techniques to petrochemical-polluted wastewater and the soil–water system.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Department of Hydrology, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, India

    Pankaj Kumar Gupta PhD & Shashi Ranjan

  2. Environmental Engineering, Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology – Delhi, New Delhi, Delhi, India

    Sanjay Kumar Gupta

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  1. Pankaj Kumar Gupta PhD
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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Environmental Engineering, Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology – Delhi, New Delhi, Delhi, India

    Sanjay Kumar Gupta

  2. Institute for Water and Wastewater Technologies, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa

    Faizal Bux

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Gupta, P.K., Ranjan, S., Gupta, S.K. (2019). Phycoremediation of Petroleum Hydrocarbon-Polluted Sites: Application, Challenges, and Future Prospects. In: Gupta, S.K., Bux, F. (eds) Application of Microalgae in Wastewater Treatment. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-13913-1_8

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