Skip to main content

Distillation Theory

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Whisky Science
  • 2295 Accesses

Abstract

Distillation is a process that achieves chemical separation by taking advantage of phase change. In the case of spirits, we are removing ethanol from water by leveraging ethanol’s preference, relative to water, for the vapor phase.

All us civilised people date our civilisation from the discovery of the principle of distillation. – William Faulkner, 1959 [259]

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 89.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 119.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 179.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Notes

  1. 1.

    pK a = −log10 K a where K a is the acid disocciation constant. For acid AH, K a = [A−][H+]∕[AH].

References

  1. Anon (1909) The royal commission on whisky and other potable spirits. Brit Med J 2(2537):399–404

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Anon (1951) Guilty in whisky deaths. New York Times

    Google Scholar 

  3. Bennett IN Jr, Cary FH, Mitchell GL Jr, Cooper MN (1953) Acute methyl alcohol poisoning: a review based on experiences in an outbreak of 323 cases. Medicine 32:431–463

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Bowen NL (1941) Certain singular points on crystallization curves of solid solutions. Proc Natl Acad Sci 27:301–309

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Cooper MN, Mitchell GL Jr, Bennett IL Jr, Cary FH (1952) Methyl alcohol poisoning: an account of the 1951 Atlanta epidemic. J Med Assoc Georgia 41:48–51

    Google Scholar 

  6. Faulkner W (1959) The mansion. Random House, New York

    Google Scholar 

  7. Gibbs JW (1874) On the equilibrium of heterogeneous substances. Trans Connecticut Acad Arts Sci 3:109–248, 334–524

    Google Scholar 

  8. Guymon JF (1974) Chemical aspects of distilling wines into brandy. In: Webb A (ed) Chemistry of winemaking. American Chemical Society, Washington, DC

    Google Scholar 

  9. Hastie SH (1925) The application of chemistry to pot still distillation. J Inst Brew 31:198–215

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Kurihara K, Nakamichi M, Kojima K (1993) Isobaric vapor-liquid equilibria for methanol+ ethanol+ water and the three constituent binary systems. J Chem Eng Data 38:446–449

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Larkin JA (1975) Thermodynamic properties of aqueous non-electrolyte mixtures I. Excess enthalpy for water+ ethanol at 298.15 to 383.15 K. J Chem Thermodyn 7:137–148

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Léauté R (1990) Distillation in alambic. Am J Enol Vitic 41:90–103

    Google Scholar 

  13. McCabe WL, Thiele EW (1925) Graphical design of fractionating columns. Ind Eng Chem 17:605–611

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Otten L, Samaan G (1980) Determination of the specific heat of agricultural materials: part II. Experimental results. Can Agric Eng 22:25–27

    Google Scholar 

  15. Perry RH, Green DW, Maloney JO (eds) (1997) Perry’s chemical engineers’ handbook, 7th edn. McGraw-Hill, New York

    Google Scholar 

  16. Ponchon M (1921) Étude graphique de la distillation fractionnée industrielle. Tech Mod 13(1):20–24

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Rausch KD, Belyea RL (2006) The future of coproducts from corn processing. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 128:47–85

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Rayleigh L (1902) On the distillation of binary mixtures. Philos Mag S 6 4:521–537

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Renon H, Prausnitz JM (1968) Local compositions in thermodynamic excess functions for liquid mixtures. AIChE J 14:135–144

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Savarit P (1922) Élements de distillation. Théorie des colonnes a distiller: colonnes d’épuisement, colonnes de concentration, emploi de la méthode graphique. Arts Métiers 75(3):65–69, 75(5):142–145, 75(6):178–180, 75(8):241–246, 75(9):266–272, and 75(10):307–313

    Google Scholar 

  21. Schidrowitz P, Kaye F (1906) The distillation of whisky. J Inst Brew 12:496–517

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Swartz RD, Millman RP, Billi JE, Bondar NP, Migdal SD, Simonian SK, Monforte JR, McDonald FD, Harness JK, McDonald FD, Harness JK, Cole KL (1981) Epidemic methanol poisoning: clinical and bochemical analysis of a recent episode. Medicine 60:373–382

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Tsonopoulos C (1974) An empirical correlation of second virial coefficients. AIChE J 20:263–272

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Yaws CL (1999) Chemical properties handbook. McGraw-Hill, New York

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2019 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Miller, G.H. (2019). Distillation Theory. In: Whisky Science. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-13732-8_7

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics