Historical Trajectories of Protestantism in Brazil, 1810–1960

Feitoza, Pedro

doi:10.1007/978-3-030-13686-4_2

Pedro Feitoza⁵

Part of the book series: Christianity and Renewal - Interdisciplinary Studies ((CHARIS))

213 Accesses

Abstract

This chapter explores the variety of evangelical practices and ideas that reshaped the Brazilian religious landscape in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. The first part examines how European and American immigration, missionary work and the expansion of evangelical frontiers in Brazil from 1810 to 1900 formed early Brazilian Protestantism. It pays special attention to the local agents who translated the doctrines and theology of evangelicalism to Brazilian culture, such as local ministers, colporteurs, Bible-readers and schoolteachers. The second part turns to the twentieth century and to the diversification of Brazilian evangelicalism. The arrival of Pentecostal missionaries and the rapid growth of charismatic churches accelerated processes of religious change in the country, but also reformed traditional social and cultural practices in Brazil, such as family relations and communitarian life.

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Notes

1.
P. Freston , “The Protestant Eruption into Modern Brazilian Politics,” Journal of Contemporary Religion 11 (1996): 147–68.
2.
R. Graham, Britain and the Onset of Modernization in Brazil, 1850–1914 (Cambridge, 1968), 278–79. See also C. E. Calvani, “Anglicanismo no Brasil,” Revista USP 67 (2005): 36–47.
3.
J. Klug, “Imigração no Sul do Brasil,” in O Brasil Imperial , ed. K. Grinberg and R. Salles, vol. III (Rio de Janeiro, 2009), 199–231. See also M. N. Dreher, ed. Imigrações e História da Igreja no Brasil (Aparecida, 1993); and E. V. Costa, The Brazilian Empire: Myths and Histories (Chicago and London, 1985).
4.
Cyrus B. Dawsey and James M. Dawsey, eds., The Confederados: Old South Immigrants in Brazil (Tuscaloosa and London, 1995), especially Chapters 5, 6 and 7. See also F. P. Goldman, Os Pioneiros Americanos no Brasil: Educadores, Sacerdotes, Covos e Reis (São Paulo, 1972), Chapter 1.
5.
J. M. Bonino, Rostros del Protestantismo Latinoamericano (Buenos Aires, 1995), Chapter 4.
6.
On Daniel Kidder’s missionary experiences in Brazil see his Sketches of Residence and Travels in Brazil, vols. I and II (Philadelphia, 1845).
7.
W. Wedemann, “A History of Protestant Missions to Brazil, 1850–1914” (PhD diss., Southern Baptist Theological Seminary, 1977), 104–7; P. Freston , “Breve História do Pentecostalismo Brasileiro,” in Nem Anjos Nem Demônios: Interpretações Sociológicas do Pentecostalismo, ed. Antoniazzi, A., et al. (Petrópolis, 1994), 80–81, 100–5.
8.
D. G. Vieira, O Protestantismo, a Maçonaria e a Questão Religiosa no Brasil (Brasília, 1980), 123–24.
9.
A. G. Mendonça and P. Velasques Filho, Introdução ao Protestantismo no Brasil (São Paulo, 1990), Chapter I.
10.
J. G. Rocha, Lembranças do Passado , vol. I (Rio de Janeiro, 1941), 37–38.
11.
D. Reily, História Documental do Protestantismo no Brasil, 3rd ed. (São Paulo, 2003), 104–14.
12.
A summary of these developments and missionary efforts can be found in E. G. Léonard, O Protestantismo Brasileiro: Estudo de Eclesiologia e História Social (São Paulo, 2002 [1963]), 53–94; W. Wedemann, “A History of Protestant Missions to Brazil,” 100–50; and E. Silva, L. Santos, and V. Almeida, eds., Fiel é a Palavra: leituras históricas dos evangélicos protestantes no Brasil (Feira de Santana, 2011).
13.
Brazilian Missions, vol. IV, n. 7, July 1891, 53.
14.
On Conceição and Albuquerque, see R. G. Frase, “A Sociological Analysis of the Development of Brazilian Protestantism: A Study of Social Change” (PhD diss., Princeton Theological Seminary, 1975), 233–34.
15.
The Forty-Seventh Annual Report of the Board of Foreign Missions of the Presbyterian Church in the United States of America (New York, 1884), 35.
16.
João do Rio, A Alma Encantadora das Ruas (São Paulo, 1997 [1908]), 138.
17.
N. Etherington, “Introduction,” Missions and Empire, ed. N. Etherington (Oxford, New York, 2005), 7. For an argument in favour of cultural imperialism, see L. A. M. Bandeira, Presença dos Estados Unidos no Brasil (Dois séculos de história) (Rio de Janeiro, 1978), 124.
18.
P. Feitoza, “British Missions and the Making of a Brazilian Protestant Public,” in Relocating World Christianity: Interdisciplinary Studies in Universal and Local Expressions of the Christian Faith, ed. J. Cabrita, D. Maxwell, and E. Wild-Wood (Leiden, 2017).
19.
V. T. Lessa, Anais da 1ª Igreja Presbiteriana de São Paulo (1863–1903) (São Paulo, 2010 [1938]), 209.
20.
E. C. Pereira, Um Brado de Alarma (São Paulo, 1885), 7.
21.
E. C. Pereira, A Religião Christã em Suas Relações com a Escravidão (São Paulo, 1886), 20, 30.
22.
For a similar perspective, see E. Laveleye, Do Futuro dos Povos Catholicos: Estudo de Economia Social, trans. Miguel Vieira Ferreira (Rio de Janeiro, 1875), a Protestant convert and Republican leader, and widely circulated in Brazil.
23.
As in A. G. Mendonça, O Celeste Porvir: A Inserção do Protestantismo no Brasil, 3rd ed. (São Paulo, 2008); A. G. Mendonça and P. Velasques Filho, Introdução ao Protestantismo no Brasil (São Paulo, 1990).
24.
R. Frase, “A Sociological Analysis of the Development of Brazilian Protestantism,” 248–49, 306–7, 330–31.
25.
G. A. Boehrer, “The Church in the Second Reign, 1840–1889,” in Conflict and Continuity in Brazilian Society, ed. H. H. Keith and S. F. Edwards (Columbia, 1969); G. P. Neves, “A religião do Império e a Igreja,” in O Brasil Imperial—Volume I—1808–1831 , ed. K. Grinberg and R. Salles (Rio de Janeiro, 2009).
26.
On nineteenth-century public education, see J. R. P. Almeida, História da Instrução Pública no Brasil 1500–1889 (São Paulo, 1989); M. L. M. Haidar, O Ensino Secundário no Império Brasileiro (São Paulo, 1972).
27.
Arquivo Histórico Presbiteriano, São Paulo (Hereinafter cited as AHP). Coleção Carvalhosa – Relatórios Pastorais (1866–1875), Relatório dos Trabalhos de G. W. Charmberlain durante o anno Presbyterial de 1874 a 1875.
28.
The Forty-Seventh Annual Report of the Board of Foreign Missions of the Presbyterian Church in the United States of America (New York, 1884), 34.
29.
AHP. Coleção Carvalhosa, Relatórios Pastorais (1866–1875), Relação Breve de meus trabalhos na pregação do Evangelho desde Agosto do anno pp. até o presente, J. F. Dagama.
30.
Presbyterian Historical Society, Philadelphia. Mission Correspondence, South American Letters. Annual Report of the Rio Claro Station from August 1 to January 31, 1881.
31.
International Baptist Mission Board, Richmond. Solomon Ginsburg Papers. Henry Spittle to A. W. Armstrong, Campos, 29 March 1895.
32.
C. Clark and M. Ledger-Lomas, “The Protestant International,” in Religious Internationals in the Modern World: Globalization and Faith Communities Since 1750, ed. A. Green and V. Viaene (Basingstoke, 2012), 34–37; P. van Rooden, “Nineteenth-Century Representations of Missionary Conversion and the Transformation of Western Christianity,” in Conversion to Modernities: The Globalization of Christianity, ed. P. van der Veer (New York, London, 1996), 72.
33.
On the renewal of nineteenth-century Catholicism, see M. Heimann, “Catholic Revivalism in Worship and Devotion,” in The Cambridge History of Christianity: World Christianities, c. 1815–c. 1914, ed. S. Gilley and B. Stanley (New York, 2006); V. Viaene, “Nineteenth-Century Catholic Internationalism and Its Predecessors,” in Religious Internationals in the Modern World, ed. A. Green and V. Viaene.
34.
K. P. Serbin, Needs of the Heart: A Social and Cultural History of Brazil’s Clergy and Seminaries (Notre Dame, IN, 2006), 56; Boehrer, “The Church in the Second Reign,” 128. On Romanization of the Brazilian Church, see also C. F. G. de Groot, Brazilian Catholicism and the Ultramontane Reform (Amsterdam, 1996).
35.
For a detailed account of the Religious Question, see M. C. Thornton, The Church and Freemasonry in Brazil, 1872–1875: A Study in Regalism (Washington, 1948).
36.
R. Della Cava, “Brazilian Messianism and National Institutions: A Reappraisal of Canudos and Joaseiro,” The Hispanic American Historical Review 48 (1968): 402–21.
37.
S. Miceli, A Elite Eclesiástica Brasileira: 1890–1930, 2nd ed. (São Paulo, 2009).
38.
See, for instance, the tracts E. Stiller, Traços Historicos e Pontos Principaes de Divergencia das Igrejas Evangelica Protestante e Catholica Romana (Rio de Janeiro, 1874); E. Laveleye, Do Futuro dos Povos Catholicos: Estudo de Economia Social.
39.
On the participation of Protestants in the Religious Question, see the well-researched D. G. Vieira, O Protestantismo, a Maçonaria e a Questão Religiosa no Brasil.
40.
P. Freston, “The Many Faces of Evangelical Politics in Latin America,” in Evangelical Christianity and Democracy in Latin America, ed. P. Freston (New York and Oxford, 2008), 14.
41.
See, for instance, F. Azevedo, A Cultura Brasileira: A Transmissão da Cultura, 3rd ed., tome III (São Paulo, 1958), 126–29.
42.
A. G. Mendonça, O Celeste Porvir, 144–53.
43.
See, for instance, F. C. Glass, With the Bible in Brazil: Being the Story of a Few of the Marvellous Incidents Arising from Its Circulation There (London, 1914).
44.
This was the case, for instance, of the Presbyterian Church of Ubatuba. AHP, Primeiro Livro de Actas da Igreja de Ubatuba, 1880. See also The Forty-Seventh Annual Report of the Board of Foreign Missions of the Presbyterian Church in the United States of America (New York, 1884), 32–33.
45.
Proceedings of the Southern Baptist Convention (Atlanta, 1886), Appendix B, XXXII. On Christian literacy and the missionary emphasis on self-improvement, see J. Comaroff and J. Comaroff, Of Revelation and Revolution: Christianity, Colonialism, and Consciousness in South Africa (Chicago and London, 1991), 60–63
46.
R. Graham, Britain and the Onset of Modernization in Brazil, 284, 288–89.
47.
D. Martin, Tongues of Fire: The Explosion of Protestantism in Latin America (Oxford and Cambridge, MA, 1990), 64; R. G. Frase, “The Subversion of Missionary Intentions by Cultural Values: The Brazilian Case,” Review of Religious Research 23 (1981): 180–94.
48.
D. Robert, “The ‘Christian Home’ as a Cornerstone of Anglo-American Missionary Thought and Practice,” in Converting Colonialism: Visions and Realities in Mission History, 1706–1914, ed. D. Robert (Grand Rapids and Cambridge, 2008).
49.
R. Graham, Britain and the Onset of Modernization in Brazil, 289–90.
50.
E. Willems, Followers of the New Faith: Culture Change and the Rise of Protestantism in Brazil and Chile (Nashville, 1967), 169–73.
51.
W. Wedemann, “A History of Protestant Missions to Brazil,” 223–30.
52.
E. G. Léonard, O Protestantismo Brasileiro, 154–60.
53.
W. Wedemann, “A History of Protestant Missions to Brazil,” 232–33.
54.
R. Frase, “A Sociological Analysis of the Development of Brazilian Protestantism,” 235.
55.
E. G. Léonard, O Protestantismo Brasileiro, 191–207.
56.
H. B. Cavalcanti, “The Right Faith and the Right Time? Determinants of Protestant Mission Success in the 19th-Century Brazilian Religious Market,” Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 41 (2002): 423–38.
57.
E. Braga and K. Grubb, The Republic of Brazil: A Survey of the Religious Situation (London, 1932), 68 and 71.
58.
R. Della Cava, “Catholicism and Society in Twentieth-Century Brazil,” Latin American Research Review 11 (1976): 13–14; K. P. Serbin, “Church and State Reciprocity in Contemporary Brazil: The Convening of the International Eucharistic Congress of 1955 in Rio de Janeiro ,” The Hispanic American Historical Review 76 (1996): 727–31.
59.
P . Freston, “Protestantes e Política no Brasil: da Constituinte ao Impeachment” (PhD diss., Universidade Estadual de Campinas, 1993), 154–57.
60.
Ibid., 61.
61.
On Brethren history and theology, see T. Grass, Gathering to His Name: The Story of Open Brethren in Britain and Ireland (Milton Keynes, 2006).
62.
E. Léonard, O Protestantismo Brasileiro, 82–83.
63.
S. E. McNair, Round South America in the King’s Business (London, 1893), 125–26.
64.
For some examples of Brethren literature circulated in the Lusophone world , see R. Holden, Confissões de Fé (Lisbon and Rio de Janeiro, 1906); S. E. McNair, Que Devemos Fazer? (Lisbon and Rio de Janeiro, 1906); S. E. McNair, O Culto (Lisbon and Rio de Janeiro, 1906); and S. E. McNair, Os Ministros de Deus: Seu Senhor, Seu Serviço e Seu Sustento (Lisbon and Rio de Janeiro, 1903).
65.
G. Wacker, Heaven Below: Early Pentecostals and American Culture (Cambridge, MA and London, 2001), Introduction.
66.
D. Martin, Forbidden Revolutions: Pentecostalism in Latin America and Catholicism in Eastern Europe (London, 1996), 9–10.
67.
Ibid., 30.
68.
R. A. Chesnut, Born Again in Brazil: The Pentecostal Boom and the Pathogens of Poverty (New Brunswick, NJ, and London, 1997).
69.
P . Freston, “Breve História do Pentecostalismo Brasileiro,” 100–8.
70.
Ibid., 80–81.
71.
P. Freston, “Brother Votes for Brother: The New Politics of Protestantism in Brazil,” in Rethinking Protestantism in Latin America, ed. V. Garrard-Burnett and D. Stoll (Philadelphia, 1993).
72.
P . Freston, “Pentecostalism in Latin America: Characteristics and Controversies,” Social Compass 45 (1998): 341–42.
73.
D. Martin, Tongues of Fire, 66; P. Freston, “Breve História do Pentecostalismo Brasileiro,” 85–86.
74.
W. R. Read, V. M. Monterroso, and H. A. Johnson, Latin American Church Growth (Grand Rapids, 1969), 67.
75.
P. Freston, “History, Current Reality, and Prospects of Pentecostalism in Latin America,” in The Cambridge History of Religions in Latin America, ed. V. Garrard-Burnett, P. Freston, and S. Dove (New York, 2016), 437–38 and 442–43.
76.
P . Freston, “Breve História do Pentecostalismo Brasileiro,” 117–24.
77.
See, for instance, R. Frase, “A Sociological Analysis of the Development of Brazilian Protestantism,” 571–72.
78.
T. Hartch, The Rebirth of Latin American Christianity (New York, 2014), Chapters 3 and 4; D. Salinas, Latin American Evangelical Theology in the 1970s : The Golden Decade (Leiden and Boston, 2009); and D. Kirkpatrick, “C. René Padilla and the Origins of Integral Mission in Post-War Latin America,” The Journal of Ecclesiastical History 67 (2016): 351–71.
79.
On the Panama Congress and its significance, see J. P. Bastian, Le protestantisme en Amérique latine: une approche socio-historique (Geneva, 1994), Chapter 4.
80.
C . Mondragón, Like Leaven in the Dough: Protestant Social Thought in Latin America, 1920–1950 (Madison, 2011), especially Chapters 6 and 7.
81.
Freyre studied in Baptist schools in Recife, Pernambuco , pursued his BA in political and social sciences at Baylor University between 1918 and 1922, and obtained his Master’s degree from Columbia University. It was in the USA that he abandoned Protestantism and decided to pursue an academic career.
82.
D. A. Reily, História Documental do Protestantismo no Brasil, 254–60.
83.
R. Barreto, Jr., “The Church and Society Movement and the Roots of Public Theology in Brazilian Protestantism,” International Journal of Public Theology 6 (2012): 70–98.
84.
S. L. Souza, Pensamento Social e Político no Protestantismo Brasileiro (São Paulo, 2005).
85.
R. Barreto, Jr., “Facing the Poor in Brazil: Towards an Evangélico Progressive Social Ethics” (PhD diss., Princeton Theological Seminary, 2006).
86.
T. Ewbank, Life in Brazil or a Journal of a Visit to the Land of the Cocoa and the Palm (New York, 1856), 238–39; S. B. de Holanda, Raízes do Brasil, 26th ed. (São Paulo, 1995 [1936]), 150–51.
87.
D. Maxwell, “Historical Perspectives on Christianity Worldwide: Connections, Comparisons and Consciousness,” in Relocating World Christianity: Interdisciplinary Studies in Universal and Local Expressions of the Christian Faith, ed. J. Cabrita, D. Maxwell, and E. Wild-Wood (Leiden and Boston, 2017), 50.
88.
L. Campos, “‘Evangélicos de Missão’ em Declínio no Brasil: Exercícios de Demografia Religiosa à Margem do Censo de 2010,” in Religiões em Movimento: o Censo de 2010, ed. F. Teixeira and R. Menezes (Petrópolis, 2013).
89.
On general traces of evangelicalism, see D. W. Bebbington, Evangelicalism in Modern Britain: A History from the 1730s to the 1980s (London and New York, 1989).
90.
E. C. Pereira, O Problema Religioso da America Latina: Estudo Dogmatico-Historico (São Paulo, 1920), 31–37, 49–52, 119–25.
91.
Ibid., 51, 69–70, 123. For Pereira, the authoritarian centrality of Roman Catholicism represented the ultimate destruction of primitive democracy .
92.
E. Braga, Pan-Americanismo: Aspecto Religioso (New York, 1916); S. E. McNair, O Culto (Lisbon and Rio de Janeiro, 1906).
93.
J. P. Bastian, “The Metamorphosis of Latin American Protestant Groups: A Sociohistorical Perspective,” Latin American Research Review 28 (1993): 33–61.
94.
R . Alves, Protestantism and Repression: A Brazilian Case Study (London, 1985); P . Freston, “Brother Votes for Brother,” 91.

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University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
Pedro Feitoza

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Pedro Feitoza
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Department of History, Geneva College, Beaver Falls, PA, USA
Eric Miller
Department of History and Global Studies, Abilene Christian University, Abilene, TX, USA
Ronald J. Morgan

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Feitoza, P. (2019). Historical Trajectories of Protestantism in Brazil, 1810–1960. In: Miller, E., Morgan, R. (eds) Brazilian Evangelicalism in the Twenty-First Century. Christianity and Renewal - Interdisciplinary Studies. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-13686-4_2

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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-13686-4_2
Published: 10 May 2019
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-13685-7
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-13686-4
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