Skip to main content

Contraception and Infertility

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Breast Diseases

Abstract

The use of contraception by women is common. Birth control pills and other hormonal methods are used by millions of women around the world. The need to evaluate the influence of these methods on the genesis of the breast tumor is clear.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 79.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 99.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Recommended Reading

  1. Bhupathiraju SN, et al. Exogenous hormone use: oral contraceptives, postmenopausal hormone therapy, and health outcomes in the Nurses’ Health Study. Am J Public Health. 2016;106(9):1631–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Brohet RM, Goldgar DE, Easton DF, et al. Oral contraceptives and breast cancer risk in the international BRCA1/2 carrier cohort study: a report from EMBRACE, GENEPSO, GEO-HEBON, and the IBCCS Collaborating Group. J Clin Oncol. 2007;25:3831.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Gierisch JM, et al. Oral contraceptive use and risk of breast, cervical, colorectal, and endometrial cancers: a systematic review. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2013;22(11):1931–43.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Hankinson SE, Colditz GA, Manson JE, et al. A prospective study of oral contraceptive use and risk of breast cancer. Cancer Causes Control. 1997;8:65.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Hannaford PC, Selvaraj S, Elliott AM, et al. Cancer risk among users of oral contraceptives: cohort data from the Royal College of General Practitioner’s oral contraception study. BMJ. 2007;335:651.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Ismail-Khan R, Minton S, Cox C, Sims I, Lacevic M, et al. Preservation of ovarian function in young women treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy for breast cancer: a randomized trial using the GnRH agonist (triptorelin) during chemotherapy. J Clin Oncol. 2008;26:524.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Jain JK, Paulson RJ. Oocyte cryopreservation. Fertil Steril. 2006;86(Suppl 4):1037.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Kosasa TS, McNamee PI, Morton C, Huang TT. Pregnancy rates after transfer of cryopreserved blastocysts cultured in a sequential media. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2005;192:2035.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Lambertini M, et al. Controversies about fertility and pregnancy issues in young breast cancer patients: current state of the art. Curr Opin Oncol. 2017;29(4):243–52.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Marchbanks PA, McDonald JA, Wilson HG, et al. Oral contraceptives and the risk of breast cancer. N Engl J Med. 2002;346:2025.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Massarotti C, et al. State of the art on oocyte cryopreservation in female cancer patients: a critical review of the literature. Cancer Treat Rev. 2017;57:50–7. Studies evaluating the efficiency of egg freezing. INTERPRETATION: Freezing of eggs is a promising technique, but results are still lower than results on embryo freezing.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Moorman PG, et al. Oral contraceptives and risk of ovarian cancer and breast cancer among high-risk women: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Oncol. 2013;31(33):4188–98. Four studies (cohort, control case and a meta-analysis) that evaluated BRCA1 or 2 mutation carriers and the use of oral contraceptives are discussed here. INTERPRETATION: In BRCA1 or 2 mutation carriers, oral contraception may increase the risk of breast cancer.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Narod SA, Dube MP, Klijn J, et al. Oral contraceptives and the risk of breast cancer in BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2002;94:1773.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Oktay K. Further evidence on the safety and success of ovarian stimulation with letrozole and tamoxifen in breast cancer patients undergoing in vitro fertilization to cryopreserve their embryos for fertility preservation. J Clin Oncol. 2005;23:3858.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Oktay K, Buyuk E, Libertella N, et al. Fertility preservation in breast cancer patients: a prospective controlled comparison of ovarian stimulation with tamoxifen and letrozole for embryo cryopreservation. J Clin Oncol. 2005;23:4347. Studies evaluating the efficacy of letrozole and tamoxifen for ovarian stimulation. INTERPRETATION: Letrozole and tamoxifen are valid options for ovarian stimulation and embryo freezing.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Oktay K, Cil AP, Bang H. Efficiency of oocyte cryopreservation: a meta-analysis. Fertil Steril. 2006;86:70.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Samson M, Porter N, Orekoya O, Hebert JR, Adams SA, Bennett CL, Steck SE. Progestin and breast cancer risk: a systematic review. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2016;155(1):3–12. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10549-015-3663-1. Epub 2015 Dec. The first three studies are epidemiological studies. The first one (Hannaford et al.) with nearly 50,000 women followed on average for 24 years. The incidence of breast cancer was similar in users and non-users of pills. The fifth indicates otherwise. The fourth, sixth and seventh ones are more recent meta-analyses. The fourth one concludes that oral contraceptives are not related to breast tumor deaths. The sixth study assesses the risk of oral contraceptives and concludes a small increase in risk. The seventh one indicates that progesterone-only formulations do not increase the risk of breast tumor. INTERPRETATION: This subject is still controversial, but it is known that combined oral contraceptives could increase the risk of breast tumor.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Taylan E, Oktay KH. Current state and controversies in fertility preservation in women with breast cancer. World J Clin Oncol. 2017;8(3):241–8. Randomized study evaluating the effect of GnRH agonist on preservation of fertility in patients submitted to neoadjuvant chemotherapy for breast tumor, and review on the subject. INTERPRETATION: Ovary blockade with GnRH agonist has no proven benefit for preservation of fertility in patients undergoing chemotherapy.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Ursin G, Henderson BE, Haile RW, et al. Does oral contraceptive use increase the risk of breast cancer in women with BRCA1/BRCA2 mutations more than in other women? Cancer Res. 1997;57:3678.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Veeck LL, Bodine R, Clarke RN, et al. High pregnancy rates can be achieved after freezing and thawing human blastocysts. Fertil Steril. 2004;82:1418. Pieces of work comparing the rate of implantation of fresh and frozen embryos and revision. INTERPRETATION: Embryo freezing methods are effective at implantation rates similar to unfrozen embryos.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Zhong GC, Cheng JH, Xu XL, Wang K. Meta-analysis of oral contraceptive use and risks of all-cause and cause-specific death. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2015;131(3):228–33.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2019 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Massaguer, A.A., Fettback, P.B., de Azevedo Maia Filho, V.O., Gonçalves, S.P., Giribela, C.R.G. (2019). Contraception and Infertility. In: Novita, G., Frasson, A., Millen, E., Zerwes, F., Cavalcante, F. (eds) Breast Diseases. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-13636-9_66

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-13636-9_66

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-030-13635-2

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-030-13636-9

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics