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The Global Challenge of Militias and Paramilitary Violence pp 107–128Cite as

Militias and the Future

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Abstract

This chapter examines why militias will be part of the international security landscape for the foreseeable future. Because of their persistence and dynamism, paramilitary groups need greater scholarly and political attention. This chapter offers six important observations gleaned from the previous chapters along with three guiding assumptions for future research and policy-making.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Aldriaan Alsema, “Vicente Castaño,” Colombia Reports, April 1, 2017, URL: https://colombiareports.com/vicente-castano/.

  2. 2.

    David Francis, “Introduction,” in David Francis ed., Civil Militias: Africa’s Intractable Security Menace? (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2005).

  3. 3.

    Ahram, “Pro-Government Militias.”

  4. 4.

    Ibid., 208.

  5. 5.

    Bartone and Sciarretta,” Megacities: Future Urban Environments and Joint Urban Warfare,” 5.

  6. 6.

    Saskia Sassen, Expulsions: Brutality and Complexity in the Global Economy (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2014), 1.

  7. 7.

    HedleyBull, The Anarchical Society (New York: Columbia University Press, 1977), 255.

  8. 8.

    Some DDR programs include an additional R for “Rehabilitation” of combatants and communities affected by violence.

  9. 9.

    Alden, Thakur and Arnold, 150.

  10. 10.

    Morten Boas and Anne Hatloy, “Getting in, Getting out: Militia Membership and Prospects for Re-integration in Post-War Liberia,” Journal of Modern African Studies 46, no. 1 (2008): 33–55.

  11. 11.

    Alden, Thakur and Arnold, 151.

  12. 12.

    Cited in Ahram, Proxy Warriors, 133.

  13. 13.

    Ahram, Proxy Warriors, 129.

  14. 14.

    Mazzei, 211.

  15. 15.

    Hilary Matfess and Michael Miklaucic, “Leviathan Redux,” in eds. Hilary Matfess and Michael Miklaucic, Beyond Convergence: World Without Order (Washington, DC: National Defense University, 2016), 300.

  16. 16.

    Kristine Eck, “Repression by Proxy: How Military Purges and Insurgency Impact the Delegation of Coercion,” Journal of Conflict Resolution 59, no. 5 (2015), 941.

  17. 17.

    Roland Paris, At War’s End: Building Peace after Civil Conflict (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004), 7.

  18. 18.

    Ahram, 130.

  19. 19.

    Bolte, 26.

  20. 20.

    Richards, “Forced, Coerced, Voluntary,” 322.

  21. 21.

    Stanton, “Regulating Militias,” 917–918.

  22. 22.

    Arthur Lykke, “Toward an Understanding of Military Strategy,” in Military Strategy: Theory and Application (Carlisle Barracks, PA: U.S. Army War College, 1989), 6–7.

  23. 23.

    Harry Yarger, “Toward a Theory of Strategy,” in U.S. Army War College Guide to National Security Policy and Strategy 2nd Revised Edition, ed. J. Boone Bartholomees (Carlisle Barracks, PA: U.S. Army War College, 2006), 111.

  24. 24.

    Michael Evans, “The Case Against Megacities,” Parameters 45 (2015), 34.

  25. 25.

    Alice Hill, Future War in Cities (New York: Routledge, 2004), 23.

  26. 26.

    Mike Davis, “Foreword: Reading John Hagedorn,” in A World of Gangs, ed. John Hagedorn (University of Minnesota Press, 2009), xi.

  27. 27.

    Hazen and Rodgers, Global Gangs, 8–11.

  28. 28.

    Steven Sampson, “Trouble Spots,” in Globalization, the State and Violence, ed. Jonathan Friedman and Terrence Turner (New York: AltaMira Press, 2003), 327.

  29. 29.

    Jentzsch et al., 765.

  30. 30.

    Schneckener, “Militias and the Politics of Legitimacy.”

  31. 31.

    Felbab-Brown, 273.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. National Security Studies, U.S. Army War College, Carlisle, PA, USA

    Paul Rexton Kan

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Kan, P.R. (2019). Militias and the Future. In: The Global Challenge of Militias and Paramilitary Violence. Palgrave Pivot, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-13016-9_5

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