Skip to main content

Perioperative and Hypertensive Crisis Management of Pheochromocytomas

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Multidisciplinary Approaches to Common Surgical Problems

Abstract

With its rarity, non-specific symptoms, and paroxysmal nature, pheochromocytomas can be difficult to diagnose without an index of suspicion. It is crucial that pheochromocytomas are recognized early so that appropriate medical and surgical management can be initiated to avoid pheochromocytoma/hypertensive crises due to catecholamine-induced hemodynamic instability causing end-organ damage. With proper preoperative management with alpha-adrenergic blockade and postoperative monitoring and treatment in the critical care setting, perioperative mortality in pheochromocytoma resections has decreased dramatically since the 1950s.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 99.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 129.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 179.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Amar L, Eisenhofer G. Diagnosing phaeochromocytoma/paraganglioma in a patient presenting with critical illness: biochemistry versus imaging. Clin Endocrinol. 2015;83(3):298–302.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Amar L, Fassnacht M, Gimenez-Roqueplo AP, Januszewicz A, Prejbisz A, Timmers H, Plouin PF. Long-term postoperative follow-up in patients with apparently benign pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma. Horm Metab Res. 2012;44(05):385–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Amar L, Servais A, Gimenez-Roqueplo AP, Zinzindohoue F, Chatellier G, Plouin PF. Year of diagnosis, features at presentation, and risk of recurrence in patients with pheochromocytoma or secreting paraganglioma. J Clin Endocrinol Metabol. 2005;90(4):2110–6.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Agarwal G, Sadacharan D, Kapoor A, Batra A, Dabadghao P, Chand G, Mishra SK. Cardiovascular dysfunction and catecholamine cardiomyopathy in pheochromocytoma patients and their reversal following surgical cure: results of a prospective case-control study. Surgery. 2011;150(6):1202–11.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Castinetti F, Kroiss A, Kumar R, Pacak K, Taieb D. 15 YEARS OF PARAGANGLIOMA: imaging and imaging-based treatment of pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma. Endocr Relat Cancer. 2015;22(4):T135–45.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Chen H, Sippel RS, O’Dorisio MS, Vinik AI, Lloyd RV, Pacak K, et al. The north american neuroendocrine tumor society consensus guideline for the diagnosis and management of neuroendocrine tumors: Pheochromocytoma, paraganglioma, and medullary thyroid cancer. Pancreas. 2010;39(6):775–83.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  7. Chew SL. Recent developments in the therapy of pheochromocytomas and paragangliomas. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2004;1073:405–16.

    Google Scholar 

  8. Chao A, Yeh YC, Yen TS, Chen YS. Phaeochromocytoma crisis–a rare indication for extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Anaesthesia. 2008;63(1):86–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Eisenhofer G, Pacak K, Maher ER, Young WF, de Krijger RR. Pheochromocytoma. Clin Chem. 2013;59(3):466–72.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Falhammar H, Kjellman M, Calissendorff J. Initial clinical presentation and spectrum of pheochromocytoma: a study of 94 cases from a single center. Endocr Connect. 2018;7(1):186–92.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Fassnacht M, Arlt W, Bancos I, Dralle H, Newell-Price J, Sahdev A, et al. Management of adrenal incidentalomas: European society of endocrinology clinical practice guideline in collaboration with the European network for the study of adrenal tumors. Eur J Endocrinol. 2016;175(2):G1–G34.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Gagnon N, Mansour S, Bitton Y, Bourdeau I. Takotsubo-like cardiomyopathy in a large cohort of patients with pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma. Endocr Pract. 2017;23(10):1178–92.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Guerrero MA, Schreinemakers JM, Vriens MR. Clinical spectrum of pheochromocytoma. J Am Coll Surg. 2009;209:727–32.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Hana NN, Kenady DE. Pheochromocytoma. In: Holzhemier RG, Mannick JA, editors. Surgical treatment: evidence-based and problem-oriented. Munich: Zuckschewerdt; 2001.

    Google Scholar 

  15. Hariskov S, Schumann R. Intraoperative management of patients with incidental catecholamine producing tumors: a literature review and analysis. J Anaesthesiol Clin Pharmacol. 2013;29(1):41–6.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  16. Hoffman BB. Catecholamines, sympathomimetic drugs and adrenergic receptor antagonists. In: Goodman & Gillman’s the pharmacological basis of therapeutics. Philadelphia: McGraw-Hill; 2001. p. 215–68.

    Google Scholar 

  17. Janssen I, Chen CC, Millo CM, Ling A, Taieb D, Lin FI, et al. PET/CT comparing (68)ga-DOTATATE and other radiopharmaceuticals and in comparison with CT/MRI for the localization of sporadic metastatic pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2016;43(10):1784–91.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Kakoki K, Miyata Y, Shida Y, et al. Pheochromocytoma multisystem crisis treated with emergency surgery: a case report and literature review. BMC Res Notes. 2015;8:758.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  19. Kinney MA, Narr BJ, Warner MA. Perioperative management of pheochromocytoma. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 2002;16(3):359–69.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Kobayashi T, Iwai A, Takahashi R, Ide Y, Nishizawa K, Mitsumori K. Spontaneous rupture of adrenal pheochromocytoma: review and analysis of prognostic factors. J Surg Oncol. 2005;90:31–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Kopetschke R, Slisko M, Kilisli A, Tuschy U, Wallaschofski H, Fassnacht M, et al. Frequent incidental discovery of phaeochromocytoma: data from a German cohort of 201 phaeochromocytoma. Eur J Endocrinol. 2009;161(2):355–61.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Kwon SY, Lee KS, Lee JN, Ha YS, Choi SH, Kim HT, Kwon TG. Risk factors for hypertensive attack during pheochromocytoma resection. Investig Clin Urol. 2016;57(3):184–90.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  23. Lebuffe G, Dosseh ED, Tek G, Tytgat H, Moreno S, Travernier B, Vallet B, Proye CA. The effect of calcium channel blockers on outcome following the surgical treatment of phaeochromocytomas and paragangliomas. Anesthesia. 2005;60(5):439.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Lenders JW, Duh QY, Eisenhofer G, Gimenez-Roqueplo AP, Grebe SK, Murad MH, et al. Pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma: an endocrine society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2014;99(6):1915–42.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Lenders JWM, Eisenhofer G. Update on modern management of pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma. Endocrinol Metab (Seoul, Korea). 2017;32(2):152–61.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Lentschener C, Gaujoux S, Tesniere A, Dousset B. Point of controversy: perioperative care of patients undergoing pheochromocytoma removal-time for a reappraisal? Eur J Endocrinol. 2011;165:365–73.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Martucci VL, Pacak K. Pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma: diagnosis, genetics, management, and treatment. Curr Probl Cancer. 2014;38(1):7–41.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  28. Mazza A, Armigliato M, Marzola MC, Schiavon L, Montemurro D, Vescovo G, et al. Anti-hypertensive treatment in pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma: current management and therapeutic features. Endocrine. 2014;45(3):469–78.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Meune C, Bertherat J, Dousset B, Jude N, Bertagna X, Duboc D, Weber S. Reduced myocardial contractility assessed by tissue Doppler echocardiography is associated with increased risk during adrenal surgery of patients with pheochromocytoma: report of a preliminary study. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2006;19(12):1466–70.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Muratori D, Pedrotti P, Baroni M, Belloni A, Quattrocchi G, Milazzo A, Giannattasio C, Roghi A. Catecholamine-induced myocarditis in pheochromocytoma. G Ital Cardiol (2006). 2017;18(2):164-8.

    Google Scholar 

  31. Pacak K. Preoperative management of the pheochromocytoma patient. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2007;92(11):4069–79.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Ramachandran R, Rewari V. Current perioperative management of pheochromocytomas. Indian J Urol. 2017;33(1):19–25.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  33. Randle RW, Balentine CJ, Pitt SC, Schneider DF, Sippel RS. Selective versus non-selective alpha-blockade prior to laparoscopic adrenalectomy for pheochromocytoma. Ann Surg Oncol. 2017;24(1):244–50.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Riester A, Weismann D, Quinkler M, Lichtenauer UD, Sommerey S, Halbritter R, et al. Life-threatening events in patients with pheochromocytoma. Eur J Endocrinol. 2015;173(6):757–64.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Ritter S, Guertler T, Meier CA, Genoni M. Cardiogenic shock due to pheochromocytoma rescued by extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg. 2011;13(1):112–3.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Sakamoto K, Kojima S, Hokimoto S, Ogawa H. Pheochromocytoma multisystem crisis with transient stress cardiomyopathy due to ruptured pheochromocytoma. BMJ Case Rep. 2015;2015:bcr2015212456.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  37. Scholten A, Cisco RM, Vriens MR, et al. Pheochromocytoma crisis is not a surgical emergency. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2013;98:581–91.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Scholten A, Vriens MR, Cromheecke G, Rinkes IHB, Valk GD. Hemodynamic instability during resection of pheochromocytoma in MEN versus non-MEN patients. Eur J Endocrinol. 2011;165(1):91–6. EJE-11.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Shao Y, Chen R, Shen ZJ, Teng Y, Huang P, Rui WB, et al. Preoperative alpha blockade for normotensive pheochromocytoma: is it necessary? J Hypertens. 2011;29(12):2429–32.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Smet M, Convens C, Verhelst J. Successful use of an intra-aortic balloon pump in an acute phaeochromocytoma crisis with severe catecholamine cardiomyopathy. Clin Intensive Care. 1998;9(4):167–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  41. Steinsapir J, Carr AA, Prisant LM, Bransome ED Jr. Metyrosine and pheochromocytoma. Arch Intern Med. 1997;157(8):901–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Streeten DH, Anderson GH. Mechanisms of orthostatic hypotension and tachycardia in patients with pheochromocytoma. Am J Hypertens. 1996;9(8):760–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Thanapaalasingham K, Pollmann AS, Schelew B. Failure of metyrosine therapy for preoperative management of pheochromocytoma: a case report. Can J Anaesth. 2015;62(12):1303–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Uchida N, Ishiguro K, Suda T, et al. Pheochromocy-toma multisystem crisis successfully treated by emergency surgery: report of a case. Surg Today. 2010;40:990–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. van der Zee PA, de Boer A. Pheochromocytoma: a review on preoperative treatment with phenoxybenzamine or doxazosin. Neth J Med. 2014;72(4):190–201.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Wachtel H, Kennedy EH, Zaheer S, Bartlett EK, Fishbein L, Roses RE, et al. Preoperative metyrosine improves cardiovascular outcomes for patients undergoing surgery for pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma. Ann Surg Oncol. 2015;22(Suppl 3):S646–54.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Whitelaw BC, Prague JK, Mustafa OG, et al. Phaeochromocytoma crisis. Clin Endocrinol. 2014;80:13–22.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Wu S, Chen W, Shen L, Xu L, Zhu A, Huang Y. Risk factors for prolonged hypotension in patients with pheochromocytoma undergoing laparoscopic adrenalectomy: a single-center retrospective study. Sci Rep. 2017;7(1):5897.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Young WF Jr. Management approaches to adrenal incidentalomas. A view from Rochester, Minnesota. Endocrinol Metab Clin N Am. 2000;29(1):159–85, x.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  50. Young WF Jr. Clinical practice. The incidentally discovered adrenal mass. N Engl J Med. 2007;356(6):601–10.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Zeiger MA, Thompson GB, Duh QY, Hamrahian AH, Angelos P, Elaraj D, et al. American association of clinical endocrinologists and american association of endocrine surgeons medical guidelines for the management of adrenal incidentalomas: executive summary of recommendations. Endocr Pract. 2009;15(5):450–3.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Zhou X, Liu D, Su L, Long Y, Du W, Miao Q, Huang Y. Pheochromocytoma crisis with severe cyclic blood pressure fluctuations in a cardiac Pheochromocytoma patient successfully resuscitated by extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: a case report. Medicine. 2015;94(17):e790.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Becky Thai Muldoon .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2019 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Muldoon, B.T., Brown, K.F., Elegino-Steffens, D.U. (2019). Perioperative and Hypertensive Crisis Management of Pheochromocytomas. In: Lim, R. (eds) Multidisciplinary Approaches to Common Surgical Problems. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-12823-4_31

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-12823-4_31

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-030-12822-7

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-030-12823-4

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics