Abstract
The late Middle Ages witnessed a flow of new knowledge into Europe, conveyed in part through the hands of Arab scholars in Moorish Spain. During this period, institutions of higher learning, studium generale, emerged as outgrowths of advanced courses that were offered in municipal cathedral church schools. In a fundamental sense, the first great universities of medieval Europe owed their existence to the growing numbers of foreign students who flocked to these cathedral schools for instruction. A local school was just that, but when a school’s reputation grew to the point where it could attract students from great distances, it could now be deemed a “university.” By the 1100s, such institutions had already emerged at Bologna, Paris, Salerno, and Montpelier. Oxford and Cambridge would follow. These early universities were instrumental in laying the curricular foundations for the European Renaissance and by extension became models for America’s first systems of higher learning.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Notes
- 1.
Rom Landau, “The Karaouine at Fez,” Muslim World, Vol. 48, no. 2 (1958): 104–112.
- 2.
“Top Ten Oldest Universities in the World,” Ancient Colleges, College Stats. Available at: https://collegestats.org/2009/12/top-10-oldest-universities-in-the-world-ancient-colleges/.
- 3.
Hilde de Ridder-Symoens, A History of the University in Europe: Volume 1, Universities in the Middle Ages (Cambridge University Press, 1991): 35.
- 4.
Ibid.
- 5.
Ibid., 4–30.
- 6.
Hastings Rashdell, The Universities of Europe in the Middle Ages, Vol. 1 (Salerno: Bologna Press, 1936, Forgotten Books, Reprint Series, 2018): 9.
- 7.
Ibid.
- 8.
Charles Homer Haskins, The Renaissance of the Twelfth Century (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1928).
- 9.
Charles Franklyn, “Academical Dress-a Brief Sketch from the Twelfth to the Twentieth Century, with Especial Reference to Doctors” (Oxford 78, Vol. 9, no. 2, 1946–1947).
- 10.
Pearl Kibre, Nations in the Mediaeval Universities (Mediaeval Academy of America, 1948).
- 11.
Ibid.
- 12.
A.F. Leach, The Schools of Medieval England (New York: Macmillan, 1915).
- 13.
Norton, 1909.
- 14.
V.R. Cardozier, “Student Power in Medieval Universities,” Journal of Counseling and Development, Vol. 46, no. 10 (June 1968): 944–948.
- 15.
John Herman Randall, The Making of the Modern Mind (Cambridge: Riverside Press, 1940): 116.
- 16.
Ibid.
- 17.
Cardozier, 944–948.
- 18.
Richard S. Lambert, Grand Tour: A Journey in the Tracks of Aristocracy (New York: E.P. Dutton & Company, 1937) and Jeremy Black, The British and the Grand Tour (Worcester, UK: Billing and Sons, 1985).
- 19.
Lambert, 18; also see Joan Simon, Education and Society in Tudor England (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1966).
- 20.
Lambert, 18.
- 21.
Lambert, 19.
- 22.
Christopher Hibbert, The Grand Tour (New York: G.P. Putnam, 1969): 10.
- 23.
William E. Mead, The Grand Tour in the Eighteenth Century (New York: Benjamin Bloom, 1972): 231.
References
Black, Jeremy. 1985. The British and the Grand Tour. Worcester, UK: Billing and Sons.
Cardozier, V.R. 1968. Student Power in Medieval Universities. Journal of Counseling and Development 46 (10, June): 944–948.
Cieslak, Edward Charnwood. 1955. The Foreign Student in American Colleges. Detroit, MI: Wayne University Press.
Haskins, Charles Homer. 1928. The Renaissance of the Twelfth Century. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Hibbert, Christopher. 1969. The Grand Tour. New York: G.P. Putnam.
Kibre, Pearl. 1948. Nations in the Mediaeval Universities. Mediaeval Academy of America.
Lambert, Richard S. 1937. Grand Tour: A Journey in the Tracks of Aristocracy. New York: E.P. Dutton & Company.
Landau, Rom. 1958. The Karaouine at Fez. Muslim World 48 (2): 104–112.
Leach, A.F. 1915. The Schools of Medieval England. New York: Macmillan.
Mead, William E. 1972. The Grand Tour in the Eighteenth Century. New York: Benjamin Bloom.
Randall, John Herman. 1940. The Making of the Modern Mind. Cambridge, MA: Riverside Press.
Rashdall, Hastings. 2018. The Universities of Europe in the Middle Ages, Vol. 1. Salerno: Bologna Press. Forgotten Books, Reprint Series, 2018.
de Ridder-Symoens, Hilde. 1991. A History of the University in Europe: Volume 1, Universities in the Middle Ages. Cambridge University Press.
Simon, Joan. 1966. Education and Society in Tudor England. Cambridge University Press.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2019 The Author(s)
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Bevis, T.B. (2019). The Notion of Universities. In: A World History of Higher Education Exchange. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-12434-2_2
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-12434-2_2
Published:
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-12433-5
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-12434-2
eBook Packages: EducationEducation (R0)