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The Global Revival of Legisprudence: A Comparative View on Legislation in Legal Education and Research

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Conceptions and Misconceptions of Legislation

Part of the book series: Legisprudence Library ((LEGIS,volume 5))

Abstract

This essay explores the revival of legisprudence as the field within legal studies that is dedicated to researching and teaching about the theory and practice of legislation. While arguing that we are witnessing a global revival of legisprudence, the essay focuses on a cross-Atlantic comparison of the field in the Unites States and in Europe. It explores the parallels, and differences, in the development of legisprudence/legislation in the Unites States and in Europe. This exploration challenges the perception that legisprudence is a new field, and argues that the field has deep and respectable historical roots, but that it has been largely abandoned for most of the twentieth century. It further examines the reasons for this neglect, as well as the reasons for the field’s recent revival since the end of the twentieth century. Finally, it explores the barriers, and potential, for a global cross-national development of the field of legisprudence.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Think, for example, of works by Waldron (1999a, b) and Wintgens (2006), among others.

  2. 2.

    Think for example of Karpen (2008), among others.

  3. 3.

    Consider, for example, the following observations, which are just a few representative quotes out of many others: “The inquiries of jurisprudence… have focused mainly on the judicial side of the legal order… its counterpart on the legislative side of the legal order has, with notable exceptions, been left to languish” (Cohen 1983); “For most of our history, the legislative process, unlike the administrative and judicial processes, has not been the focus of sustained legal scholarship” (Fitts 1988, p. 1569); “Notwithstanding the importance of the legislative process to complete, sophisticated legal analysis, the legal academy focuses very little of its attention on Congress and state legislatures” (Garrett 1999, p. 679); “[T]he study of law almost invariably centers on the courts… The study of ‘legisprudence’… is much neglected” Stern 2014, pp. vi–vii); “There is nothing about legislatures or legislation in modern philosophical jurisprudence remotely comparable to the discussion of judicial decision-making.” (Waldron 1999a, p. 1); “If one asks what analytic jurisprudence has offered… to the judge, lawyer, or law professor interested in legislation, the answer is embarrassing” (Waldron 1999b, p. 9); “More than occasionally, law professors reveal a stunning lack of knowledge about Congress’s rules. This reflects the failure of the standard law school curriculum, with its courses on civil procedure, criminal procedure, and administrative procedure, but none on legislative procedure” (Nourse 2012, p. 72).

  4. 4.

    To give but one example: Some claim that “Hart and Sacks killed legislation for almost a generation because their now classic materials reflected the nineteenth century’s focus on judicial decision making, rather than the more recent focus on legislative and administrative decision making” (Eskridge 2003, p. 5); whereas others argue that Hart and Sacks actually tried to lead an approach that challenges the exclusive focus on judicial decision making, but that their efforts to direct more attention to legislation failed (Strauss 2016).

  5. 5.

    The AALS Section on Legislation and Law of the Political Process provides for the development and sharing of research, teaching methods, and materials in legislation, legislative process, legislative drafting, the courts-Congress relationship, and interpretation. See https://memberaccess.aals.org/eWeb/dynamicpage.aspx?webcode=ChpDetail&chp_cst_key=5cdfd3b0-d888-4365-bb83-3ddd470a5033 (accessed on February 3rd, 2018).

  6. 6.

    As well as additional debates about the specifics of the ideal structure and contents of legislation courses (see, e.g., Briffault 2003; Garrett 2003; Widiss 2015).

  7. 7.

    In a Hein Online search I conducted in November 2016, 2120 articles repeated the term “age of statutes”.

  8. 8.

    I thank Francesco Ferraro for drawing my attention to this source.

  9. 9.

    One interesting explanation, suggested by my European colleagues at our International Legisprudence Workshop on Conceptions and Misconceptions of Legislation at Zaragoza University, is that as the wave of codification in Europe ended and as a generally-accepted approach to statutory interpretation was accepted, the academic interest in legisprudence waned.

  10. 10.

    To be sure, I do not suggest that growth of legisprudence has been the same in all these European countries or that the trend has always been linear. For example, Oliver-Lalana and Meßerschmidt (2016) argue that the academic debate on legisprudence in Germany has been characterized by fluctuations in activity and popularity and is generally not as developed as in other European countries.

  11. 11.

    “The raison d’être of the IAL is to promote science, research, teaching and the practical application of rules and good practice in legislation field.” http://www.ial-online.org/about/legislation-at-heart.

  12. 12.

    E.g., The Theory and Practice of Legislation (formerly Legisprudence); The Journal of Legislation; Harvard Journal on Legislation; New York University Journal of Legislation and Public Policy; Statute Law Review; Legislation and Policy Brief; Journal of Parliamentary and Political Law; Seton Hall Legislative Journal; LKRI Journal of Law and Legislation; The International Journal of Legislative Drafting and Law Reform; Hukim – Journal on Legislation; Zeitschrift für Gesetzgebung [Journal for Legislation]; LeGes – Gesetzgebung & Evaluation [Legislation & Evaluation].

  13. 13.

    E.g., Journal of Legislative Studies; Legislative Studies Quarterly; Parliamentary Affairs.

  14. 14.

    Springer’s Legisprudence Library.

  15. 15.

    Similar efforts are evident in legislative studies in political science (e.g., Arter 2006; Martin et al. 2014) and in regulation studies (e.g., Bignami 2016; Levi-Faur 2004).

  16. 16.

    Washington & Lee’s journal rankings count citations to documents in Westlaw’s JLR database, which are primarily U.S. articles. Therefore, it provides a relatively accurate indication about the extent that journals are cited in American law reviews. See http://lawlib.wlu.edu/LJ/method.asp.

  17. 17.

    According to data I retrieved on April 19th, 2018, these two journals had the exact same Citescore, Citescore percentile, and Citescore rank; with The Theory and Practice of Legislation having a slightly larger number of citations, but a slightly lower percentage of articles cited out of the number of articles published. See https://journalmetrics.scopus.com.

  18. 18.

    A related partial explanation may be American law reviews’ tendency to cite articles published in American law reviews rather than in other peer-reviewed journals. See recently (Perez et al. 2019).

  19. 19.

    Admittedly, this current essay does too little toward this goal, but to my defense, in other recent scholarship I have argued that “shifting the focus to other legislatures [beyond North America and Europe] constitute one of the most promising avenues for future research,” and that “Focusing on other legislatures can be particularly helpful in examining common wisdoms and theories that were constructed based on American and Western European experiences” (Bar-Siman-Tov 2017, 2018).

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Acknowledgements

For helpful comments on previous drafts I thank Rob van Gestel, and the participants of the International Conference on Legisprudence – Conceptions and Misconceptions of Legislation, at Zaragoza University School of Law, 22/24 February 2018. Many thanks as well to my dedicated team of research assistants: Daria Chill, Tair Samimi Golan, Yuval Shaki, Avichay Twig and Shani Wiersch.

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Bar-Siman-Tov, I. (2019). The Global Revival of Legisprudence: A Comparative View on Legislation in Legal Education and Research. In: Oliver-Lalana, A. (eds) Conceptions and Misconceptions of Legislation. Legisprudence Library, vol 5. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-12068-9_11

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