Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Introduction: East and West

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Becoming a Queen in Early Modern Europe

Part of the book series: Queenship and Power ((QAP))

  • 426 Accesses

Abstract

The Introduction sets out the premise of the book by explaining how the neglect of studying early modern Polish history has contributed to an incomplete image of early modern continent, especially royal culture, which is almost exclusively studied from a Western European perspective. The Introduction demonstrates that a full understanding of European queenship, ceremony, and ritual must include its Polish aspect, and that this institution played out on a much bigger stage (with a wider range of local ‘flavours’) than reflected in current scholarship, with royal kinship ties stretching right across the continent. To help the reader, this chapter also includes an introduction to Polish and French political systems, Renaissance, and a section explaining how the motivations between French and Polish royal marriages of the sixteenth century have been intertwined.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 79.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD 99.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Notes

  1. 1.

    U. Borkowska, Dynastia Jagiellonów w Polsce (Warsaw: PWN, 2011), p. 251.

  2. 2.

    The censored version: Ł. Górnicki, Dzieje w Koronie Polskiej od r. 1538 do r. 1572, K. J. Turowski (ed.) (Sanok: Karol Pollak, 1855).

  3. 3.

    All translations are my own unless otherwise stated. Ł. Górnicki, Dzieie w Koronie Polskiey za Zygmunta I y Zygmunta Augusta aż do śmierci iego z przytoczeniem niektorych postronnych Ciekawości od Roku 1538 aż do Roku 1572 (Warsaw: Drukarnia J.K.M. y Rzeczypospolited Collegium XX Scholarum, 1754), p. 56.

  4. 4.

    For example, see: T. Earenfight, Queenship in Medieval Europe (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2013); T. M. Vann (ed.), Queens, Regents and Potentates (Cambridge, 1993); J. Eldridge Carol, Fairy Tale Queens: Representations of Early Modern Queenship (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2012); D. Barrett-Graves (ed.), The Emblematic Queen: Extra-Literary Representations of Early Modern Queenship (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2013); S. Jansen, The Monstrous Regiment of Women: Female Rulers in Early Modern Europe (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2002); A. J. Cruz and M. Suzuki (eds) The Rule of Women in Early Modern Europe (Champaign: University of Illinois Press, 2009); L. O. Fradenburg (ed.) Women and Sovereignty (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1992); J. C. Parsons (ed.) Medieval Queenship (New York: St Martin’s Press, 1993). Exceptions: A. Bues (ed.) Frictions and Failures: Cultural Encounters in Crisis (Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag, 2017), pp. 105–132; C. Fleiner and E. Woodacre (eds), Virtuous or Villainess? The Image of the Royal Mother from the Early Medieval to the Early Modern Era (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2016); E. Woodacre (ed.), A Companion to Global Queenship (Amsterdam: ARC Humanities Press); H. Matheson-Pollock, J. Paul, C. Fletcher (eds), Queenship and Counsel in Early Modern Europe (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2018), pp. 15–34. Two Polish eighteenth-century queens were included by: H. Watanabe-O’Kelly, ‘Religion and the consort: two Electresses of Saxony and Queens of Poland (1697–1757), in C. Campbell Orr (ed.) Queenship in Europe 1660–1815: The Role of the Consort (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004), pp. 252–276.

  5. 5.

    N. Davies, Europe: a history (London: Pimlico, revised edition 2010), pp. 25–26.

  6. 6.

    F. Cosandey, La Reine de France. Symbole et pouvoir, XVe–XVIII siècle (Paris: Gallimard, 2000), pp. 11–12.

  7. 7.

    N. Nowakowska, Church, State, and Dynasty in Renaissance Poland: The Career of Cardinal Fryderyk Jagiellon (1468–1503) (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2007), p. 6. Also, R. Frost, The Oxford History of Poland-Lithuania. Volume I: The Making of the Polish-Lithuanian Union, 1385–1569 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2015).

  8. 8.

    Of this tendency, see: U. Borkowska and M. Hörsch (eds), Hofkultur der Jagiellonendynastie und verwandter Fürstenhäuser (Ostfildern: J. Thorbecke, 2010); F. N. Ardelean, C. Nicholson and J. Preiser-Kapeller (eds), Between Worlds: The Age of the Jagiellonians (Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang, 2013).

  9. 9.

    Bogucka, Bona Sforza (Wrocław: Zakład Narodowy im. Ossolińskich, 1998/2010); M. Bogucka, Anna Jagiellonka (Wrocław: Zakład Narodowy im. Ossolińskich, 1994/2009); J. Besala, Zygmunt Stary i Bona Sforza (Poznań: Zysk i S-ka, 2012); W. Pociecha, Królowa Bona (1494–1557): czasy i ludzie Odrodzenia, vols. 1–4 (Poznań: Poznańskie Towarzystwo Nauk, 1949). A collection of sources relating to Jagiellonian women was published by: A. Przeździecki, Jagiellonki Polskie w XVI w.: uzupełnienia, rozprawy, materyały, vols. 1–5 (Cracow: Drukarnia Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego, 1878). Jagiellonian princesses who became Queen of Sweden and Duchess of Braunschweig-Wolfenbüttel: A. Bues, ‘Art collections as dynastic tools: The Jagiellonian Princesses Katarzyna, Queen of Sweden, and Zofia, Duchess of Braunschweig-Wolfenbüttel’, in H. Watanabe-O’Kelly and A. Morton (eds), Queens Consort, Cultural Transfer and European Politics, c. 1500–1800 (Oxon and New York: Routledge, 2017), pp. 15–36. The discussion about the post-1572 queenship was opened up by Robert Frost with a study Louise Marie Gonzaga: R. I. Frost, ‘The Ethiopian and the Elephant? Queen Louise Marie Gonzaga and Queenship in an Elective Monarchy, 1645–1667’, The Slavonic and East European Review, vol. 91, no. 4 (October 2013), pp. 787–817; Maria Bogucka put Polish women on the map of English-language gender studies with her book that applies its methodologies to studying Polish women’s everyday lives. M. Bogucka, Women in Early Modern Polish Society, against the European Background (Oxon: Routledge, 2nd edition, 2016).

  10. 10.

    Cosandey, La Reine de France. Symbole et pouvoir, XVe–XVIIIe siècle; S. Bertière, Les Reines de France au Temps des Valois (Paris: Éditions de Fallois, 1994); K. Wellman, Queens and Mistresses of Renaissance France (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2013). See also: J. Boucher, Deux épouses et reines à la fin du XVIe siècle: Louise de Lorraine et Marguerite de France (Saint-Étienne: Publications de l’Université de Saint-Étienne, 1995). However, the most studied queens remain Anne of Brittany, Catherine de Medici, and Mary, Queen of Scots: J. Poirier, ‘Catherine de Medicis and the Performance of Political Motherhood’, The Sixteenth Century Journal, vol. 31, no. 3 (Autumn 2000), pp. 643–673; K. Crawford, Perilous Performances: Gender and Regency in Early Modern France (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2004); R. J. Knecht, Catherine de’ Medici (London: Longman, 1998); I. Cloulas, Catherine de Médicis (Paris: Fayard, 1992); C. J. Brown, The Queen’s Library image-making at the court of Anne of Brittany, 1477–1514 (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2011); J. J. Rorimer, ‘The Unicorn Tapestries Were Made for Anne of Brittany’, The Metropolitam Museum of Art Bulletin, New Series, vol. 1, no 1 (Summer 1942), pp. 7–20; C. J. Brown, ‘Books in Performance: The Parisian Entry (1504) and Funeral (1514) of Anne of Brittany’, Yale French Studies, No 110 (2006), pp. 75–79; A. Fraser, Mary Queen of Scots (London: Pheonix, 1969/2002); J. Guy, My Heart is My Own: The Life of Mary Queen of Scots (London: Harper Perennial, 2004); J. Wormland, Mary, Queen of Scots: Politics, Passion and a Kingdom Lost (New York: Tauris Parke Paperbacks, 2nd edition, 2001). Focus on the more ‘powerful’ queens, i.e. regnants and regents has persisted in queenship studies since the pioneering articles on Elizabeth I: A. Heish, ‘Queen Elizabeth I and the Persistence of Patriarchy’, in Feminist Review, vol. 4 (1980), pp. 45–56; C. Levin, The Heart and Stomach of a King: Elizabeth I and the Politics of Sex and Power (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1994); T. Earenfight, The King’s Other Body: Maria of Castile and the Crown of Aragon (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2009). Fanny Cosandey similarly focuses on queens of France as regents: F. Cosandey, ‘“La blancheur de nos lys”. La reine de France au cœur de l’État royal’, Revue d’histoire moderne et contemporaine, vol. 44, no 3 (1997), pp. 387–403. See also: M. Perry, Sisters to the King: The Tumultuous Lives of Henry VIII’s Sisters: Margaret of Scotland and Mary of France (London: Andre Deutsch Limited, 1998); J. F. Petrouch, Queen’s apprentice: archduchess Elizabeth , empress María, the Habsburgs, and the Holy Roman Empire, 1554–1569 (Leiden, Boston: Brill, 2010).

  11. 11.

    J. Duindam, Vienna and Versailles: The Courts of Europe’s Dynastic Rivals, 1550–1780 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003). Some examples of thematic or regional approaches: Peggy McCracken, The Romance of Adultery: Queenship and Sexual Transgression in Old French Literature (Philadelphia, 1998); Eldridge Carol, Fairy Tale Queens; Jansen, The Monstrous Regiment of Women; Cruz and Suzuki (eds) The Rule of Women in Early Modern Europe; W. Layher, Queenship and Voice in Medieval Northern Europe (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2010); Woodacre, The Queens Regnant of Navarre; Elena Woodacre (ed.) Queenship in the Mediterranean: Negotiating the Role of the Queen in the Medieval and Early Modern Eras (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2013); C. Beem, The Lioness Roared: The Problems of Female Rule in English History (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2008); A. Hunt and A. Whitelock (eds) Tudor Queenship: The Reigns of Mary and Elizabeth (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2013); C. Levin, D. Barrett -Graves, and J. E. Carney (eds), High and Mighty Queens of Early Modern England: Realities and Representations (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2003).

  12. 12.

    M. Rożek, Polskie Koronacje i Korony (Cracow: Krajowa Agencja Wydawnicza, 1987); U. Borkowska, ‘Theatrum Ceremoniale at the Polish Court as a System of Social and Political Communication’, in A. Adamska and M. Mostert (eds), The Development of Literate Mentalities in East Central Europe (Turnhout: Brepols Publishers, 2004), pp. 431–452; Borkowska, Dynastia Jagiellonów, pp. 229–259; U. Borkowska, ‘Królewskie zaślubiny, narodziny i chrzest’, in Jacek Banaszkiewicz (ed.), Imagines Potestatis: Rytuały, symbole i konteksty fabularne władzy zwierzchniej. Polska X–XV w. (Warsaw: Instytut Wydawniczy PAN, 1994), pp. 75–92; A. Gieysztor, ‘Gesture in the Coronation Ceremonies of Medieval Poland’, in J. M. Bak (ed.), Coronations: Medieval and Early Modern Monarchic Ritual (Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1990), pp. 152–164; K. Turska, ‘Stroje Jagiellonów podczas ceremoniału witania narzeczonych’, in M. Markiewicz and R. Skowron (eds), Theatrum ceremoniale na dworze książąt i królów polskich (Cracow: Zamek Królewski na Wawelu, 1999), pp. 101–111; K. Targosz, ‘Oprawa artystyczno-ideowa wjazdów weselnych trzech sióstr Habsburżanek (Kraków 1592 i 1605, Florencja 1608), in Markiewicz and Skowron (eds), Theatrum ceremoniale, pp. 207–244. See also, a work of popular history: K. Targosz, Królewskie Uroczystości Weselne w Krakowie i na Wawelu, 1512–1605 (Cracow: Zamek Królewski na Wawelu, 2007). Texts related to ceremonies, like wedding songs, are often studied not by historians but from the literary criticism point of view: J. Nowak-Dłużewski, Okolicznościowa poezja polityczna w Polsce. Czasy Zygmuntowskie (Warszawa: Pax, 1966); K. Mroczek, Epitalamium staropolskie: między tradycją literacką a obrzędem weselnym (Wrocław: Zakład Narodowy im. Ossolińskich, 1989).

  13. 13.

    J. Adamson (ed.), The Princely Courts of Europe: Ritual, Politics and Culture Under the Ancien Régime (London: Seven Dials, 2000); R. J. Knecht, The French Renaissance Court (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2008).

  14. 14.

    J. R. Mulryne and E. Goldring (eds), Court Festivals of the European Renaissance: Art, Politics and Performance (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2002); R. Strong, Art and Power: Renaissance Festivals 1450–1650 (Woodbridge: Boydell and Brewer, 1973/1984); K. Friedrich [et al] (ed.), ‘Festivals in Poland-Lithuania from the 16th to the 18th Century’, in J. R. Mulryne, H. Watanabe-O’Kelly and M. Shewing (eds) Europa Triumphans: court and civic festivals in early modern Europe, vol. 1 (Aldershot: MHRA and Ashgate, 2004), pp. 371–462.

  15. 15.

    G. Kipling, Enter the King: Theatre, Liturgy, and Ritual in the Medieval Civic Triumph (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1998); R. Strong, Art and Power.

  16. 16.

    For example, see: D. Kosiński, Teatra polskie. Historie (Warsaw: Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN, 2010), pp. 189, 400–414.

  17. 17.

    Anthropological approaches and some studies that emulate them: A. van Gennep, The Rites of Passage, transl. M. B. Vizedom and G. L. Caffee, (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1960/2004); V. Turner, The Ritual Process: Structure and Anti-Structure (London: AldineTransaction, 1969/2008); D. I. Kertzer, Ritual, Politics, and Power (London and New Haven: Yale University Press, 1988); E. Muir, Ritual in Early Modern Europe (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997). A very good critique of these approaches is provided by: P. Buc, The Dangers of Ritual: Between Early Medieval Texts and Social Scientific Theory (Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press, 2001).

  18. 18.

    M. Hayward, Dress at the Court of King Henry VIII (Leeds: Maney, 2007); A. Hunt, The Drama of Coronation: Medieval Ceremony in Early Modern England (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008); R. Warnicke, The marrying of Anne of Cleves: royal protocol in early modern England (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000); E. Sadlack, The French Queen’s Letters: Mary Tudor Brandon and the Politics of Marriage in 16th-Century Europe (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2011). See also: L. Oakley-Brown and Louise J. Wilkinson (eds), The Rituals and Rhetoric of Queenship: Medieval and Early Modern (Dublin: Four Courts Press, 2009).

  19. 19.

    S. Broomhall, ‘Ordering Distant Affections: Fostering Love and Loyalty in the Correspondence of Catherine de Medici to the Spanish Court, 1568–1572’, in S. Broomhall (ed.), Gender and Emotions in Medieval and Early Modern Europe: Destroying Order, Structuring Disorder (Oxon/New York: Routledge, 2016), pp. 67–88; T. Adams, ‘Married Noblewomen as Diplomats: Affective Diplomacy’, in S. Broomhall, Gender and Emotions, pp. 51–66.

  20. 20.

    Examples of dynastic approaches: A. J. Cruz and M. G. Stampino (eds), Early Modern Habsburg Women: Transnational Contexts, Cultural Conflicts, Dynastic Continuities (Farnham: Ashgate, 2013); A. Hunt and A. Whitelock (eds), Tudor Queenship: The Reigns of Mary and Elizabeth (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2010); A. Weir, The Six Wives of Henry VIII (London: Vintage Books, 2011); D. Starkey, Six Wives: The Queens of Henry VIII (London: Vintage Books, 2004); D. Loades, The Six Wives of Henry VIII (Chalford: Amberley, 1994/2009).

  21. 21.

    S. Broomhall (ed.), Early Modern Emotions: An Introduction (London and New York: Routledge, 2016); J. Plamper, The History of Emotions: An Introduction, transl. K. Tribe (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2015); C. Jones, The Smile Revolution in 18th Century Paris (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014); T. Dixon, Weeping Britannia: Portrait of a Nation in Tears (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2015); G. K. Paster, K. Rowe and M. Floyd-Wilson (eds), Reading the Early Modern Passions: Essays in the Cultural History of Emotion (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2004); R. Meek and E. Sullivan, The Renaissance of Emotion: Understanding Affect in Shakespeare and His Contemporaries (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2015); M. Champion and A. Lynch (eds), Understanding Emotions in Early Europe (Turnhout: Brepols, 2015); B. Escolme, Emotional Excess: on the Shakespearean Stage: Passion’s Slaves (London: Bloomsbury, 2013); L. R. Perfetti, The Representation of Women’s Emotions in Medieval and Early Modern Culture (Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2005); M. Steggle, Laughing and Weeping in Early Modern Theatres (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2007).

  22. 22.

    J. Bardach, B. Lesnodorski and M. Pietrzak, Historia państwa i prawa polskiego (Warsaw: PWN, 1987), pp. 62–63; 102–103; Nowakowska, Church, State and Dynasty in Renaissance Poland, p. 33.

  23. 23.

    Nowakowska, Church, State and Dynasty in Renaissance Poland, p. 32.

  24. 24.

    Frost, The Oxford History of Poland-Lithuania, pp. 65–66.

  25. 25.

    Ibid., p. 351.

  26. 26.

    K. Friedrich, ‘Royal Entries into Cracow, Warsaw and Danzig: Festival Culture and the Role of the Cities in Poland-Lithuania’, in J. R. Mulryne, H. Watanabe-O’Kelly and M. Shewring (eds), Europa Triumphans: Court and Civic Festivals in Early Modern Europe, vol. 1 (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2004), p. 386.

  27. 27.

    P. R. Campbell, ‘Absolute Monarchy’, in W. Doyle (ed.) The Oxford Handbook of the Ancien Régime (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012), p. 11.

  28. 28.

    Ibid., p. 12.

  29. 29.

    P. Zagorin, Rebels and Rulers 1500–1660, Volume 2: Provincial rebellion (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1982), p. 71.

  30. 30.

    O. Chaline, ‘The Kingdoms of France and Navarre: The Valois and Bourbon Courts c. 1515–1750’, in J. Adamson (ed.) The Princely Courts of Europe: Ritual, Politics and Culture Under the Ancien Régime 1500–1750 (London: Seven Dials, Cassel & Co, 2000), pp. 76–77; Detailed information about the French nobility may be found in: J. Russell Major, From Renaissance Monarchy to Absolute Monarchy: French Kings, Nobles & Estates (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1994), pp. 57–107; D. Bitton, The French Nobility in Crisis, 1560–1640 (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1969).

  31. 31.

    G. Picot, Histoire des Etats Généraux considérés au point de vue de leu influence sur le Gouvernement de la France de 1355 à 1614, vol. 2, (Genève: Mégariotis Reprints, 1979), p. 1; Campbell, ‘Absolute Monarchy’, p. 12.

  32. 32.

    J. B. Segel, Renaissance Culture in Poland: The Rise of Humanism, 1470–1543 (New York: Cornell University Press, 1989); J. Hale, The Civilisation of Europe in the Renaissance (New York: Touchstone, 1993); P. Burke, The European Renaissance: Centres and Peripheries (Oxford: Blackwell, 1998); C. G. Nauert, Humanism and the Culture of Renaissance Europe (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006).

  33. 33.

    R. J. Knecht, Hero or Tyrant? Henry III, King of France, 1574–1589 (Farnham: Ashgate, 2014), p. 79.

  34. 34.

    U. Rublack, Dressing Up: Cultural Identity in Renaissance Europe (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011), p. 146; Term ‘ostentatious barbarism’ was first coined by G. Klaniczay, ‘Everyday Life and the Elites in the Later Middle Ages: The Civilised and the Barbarian’, in P. Linehan and J. L. Nelson (eds), The Medieval World (London: Routledge, 2001), pp. 684–685.

  35. 35.

    Friedrich, ‘Royal Entries into Cracow, Warsaw and Danzig’, p. 386.

  36. 36.

    P. Mrozowski, ‘Ubiór jako wyraz świadomości narodowej szlachty polskiej w XVI–XVIII wieku’, in A. Sieradzka and K. Turska (eds) Ubiory w Polsce (Warsaw: Kopia, 1994), p. 25.

  37. 37.

    Ł. Górnicki, Dworzanin Polski (Gdańsk: Wirtualna Biblioteka Literatury Polskiej), p. 76, [http://biblioteka.vilo.bialystok.pl/lektury/Odrodzenie/Lukasz_Gornicki_Dworzanin_polski.pdf, accessed on 24/11/2014].

  38. 38.

    P. Jasienica, Ostatnia z rodu (Warsaw: Czytelnik, 1965), p. 53.

  39. 39.

    P. Knoll, ‘A Pearl of Powerful Learning’: The University of Cracow in the 15th Century (Amsterdam: Brill, 2016).

  40. 40.

    Burke, The European Renaissance, p. 82.

  41. 41.

    E. Cameron, Early Modern Europe: An Oxford History (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001), p. 131. See also: R. Mackenney, 16th Century Europe: Expansion and Conflict (London: Palgrave Macmillan, 1993); T. A. Morris, Europe and England in the 16th-Century (London: Routledge, 1998), p. 5; Other works including eastern and northern Europe: M. E. Wiesner-Hanks, Early Modern Europe 1450–1789 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013); C. Wilson, The Transformation of Europe, 1558–1648 (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1976); H. G. Koenigsberger, G. L. Mosse, G. Q. Bowler, Europe in the 16th Century (London: Longman, 1999); F. Tallett and D. J. B. Trim, European Warfare 1350–1750 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010).

  42. 42.

    K. Chojnicka, Narodziny rosyjskiej doktryny państwowej: Zoe Paleolog – między Bizancjum, Rzymem a Moskwą (Cracow: Collegium Columbianum, 2008), pp. 32, 44–45, 113–114.

  43. 43.

    H. Łowmiański, Polityka Jagiellonów (Poznań: Wydawnictwo Poznańskie, 2006), p. 319.

  44. 44.

    It was the first ever treaty that Poland and France entered together: Łowmiański, Polityka, pp. 447–448.

  45. 45.

    Brown, The Queen’s Library, pp. 27–62, 321. For the family tree including Anne of Brittany and Anne de Foix, see: Woodacre, The Queens Regnant of Navarre, Chart 4.

  46. 46.

    Bogucka, Bona Sforza, pp. 42–45.

  47. 47.

    Łowmiański, p. 458.

  48. 48.

    A. Wyczański, Francja wobec państw Jagiellońskich w latach 1515–1529 (Wrocław: Zakład im. Ossolińskich, 1954), pp. 153–154.

  49. 49.

    J. G. Russell, Diplomats at Work: Three Renaissance Studies (Stroud: Alan Sutton, 1992), pp. 134, 157. For the preceding Treaty of Madrid, see: R. J. Knecht, Francis I (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1982), pp. 188–189.

  50. 50.

    Łowmiański, p. 465.

  51. 51.

    Ibid., pp. 464–466; H. Lapeyre, Les Monarchies Européennes du XVIe Siècle: Les Relations Internationales (Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 1967), pp. 146–147.

  52. 52.

    Łowmiański, p. 595.

  53. 53.

    Bogucka, Bona Sforza, pp. 239–241.

  54. 54.

    Knecht, Hero or Tyrant, pp. 39–41.

  55. 55.

    A. Sucheni-Grabowska, Zygmunt August: Król Polski i Wielki Książę Litewski, 1520–1562 (Warsaw: Wydawnictwo Zysk i S-ka, 1996), pp. 78–80.

  56. 56.

    Knecht, Hero or Tyrant, p. 103.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK

    Katarzyna Kosior

Authors
  1. Katarzyna Kosior
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2019 The Author(s)

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Kosior, K. (2019). Introduction: East and West. In: Becoming a Queen in Early Modern Europe. Queenship and Power. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-11848-8_1

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-11848-8_1

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-030-11847-1

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-030-11848-8

  • eBook Packages: HistoryHistory (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation