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Between the Theoretical and the Hypothetical

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The Hypothetical Species

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Abstract

A broad examination of numerous unresolved gaps in the scientific and cultural embrace of ecological non-violence concludes with Jain intimations of a socially viable contract with nature. This is in stark opposition to a history of human subjugation of nature, our largely undeviating tendency to want to enroll the individual in outright opposition to all that would actually help our species succeed.

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Notes

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    See B. Carter, “Large Number Coincidences and the Anthropic Principle in Cosmology,” IAU Symposium 63: Confrontation of Cosmological Theories with Observational Data, Dordrecht: Reidel, pp. 291–298, 1974; republished in General Relativity and Gravitation, November 2011, Vol. 43, Issue 11, pp. 3225–3233, with Introduction by George Ellis.

  2. 2.

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  4. 4.

    Among other things, our own mammalian behavior includes climate disruption at the rate of “17 tons of carbon dioxide per person per year” in wealthy countries and a global total of 21 gigatons (21 billion metric tons). Such numbers need urgently to be reduced to, at most, an average of 3 tons per person worldwide, with an equally zealous approach to 3 tons per person of sequestration, says energy expert Roy Morrison. “Climate Truth: Seven Key Numbers for Sustainability and Local Plans,” by Roy Morrison, http://www.ecocivilization.info/climate-truth-seven-key-numbers.html, Personal communication, August 12, 2018.

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    See The Legacy of Parmenides, by Patricia Curd, New Jersey: Princeton, 1998.

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    The Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford and New York, Volume X, 1961, pp. 546–547, 1. i. I.

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    The Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford and New York, Volume X, 1961, pp. 546–547.

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    Genetics and the Origin of Species, Columbia Univ. Press, New York, 1937 and Genetics of the Evolutionary Process, Columbia Univ. Press, New York, 1970.

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    Evolution, the modern synthesis, George Allen and Unwin, London, 1942.

  15. 15.

    Systematics and the Origin of Species, Columbia Univ. Press, New York, 1942; Principles of Systematic Zoology, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1969; Mayr and W. B. Provine, editors, The Evolutionary Synthesis: Perspectives on the Unification of Biology, Harvard Univ. Press, Cambridge, MA, 1980; Animal Species and Evolution, Harvard Univ. Press, Cambridge, MA, 1963; Populations, Species, and Evolution, Harvard Univ. Press, Cambridge, MA, 1970; The Growth of Biological Thought: Diversity, Evolution, and Inheritance, Belknap Press of Harvard Univ. Press, Cambridge, MA, 1982.

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    See Mayden, R. L. in Species: The Units of Biodiversity, eds. Claridge, M. F., Dawah, H. A. & Wilson, M. R., Chapman & Hall, London, 1997, pp. 381–424. See Mayden, R. L. in Species: The Units of Biodiversity, eds. Claridge, M. F., Dawah, H. A. & Wilson, M. R., Chapman & Hall, London, 1997, pp. 381–424.

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    See https://books.google.com/books?id=4fkLo2mpIhsC&pg=PT60&dq=%22theoretical+species%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj_p7Hs28bXAhUnsFQKHaB5BUQQ6AEISDAG#v=onepage&q=%22theoretical%20species%22&f=false.

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    “Species Concepts and Species Delimitation,” Kevin De Queiroz, in Systematic Biology, Volume 56, Issue 6, 1 December 2007, Pages 879–886, https://doi.org/10.1080/10635150701701083, Accessed May 12, 2018.

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    Ibid., De Queiroz.

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    Phylogenetic Systematics, translated by D. Davis and R. Zangerl, Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1966. See, “Ernst Mayr and the modern concept of species,” by Kevin de Queiroz, PNAS May 3, 2005. 102 (suppl 1) 6600–6607; PNAS –Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0502030102, Accessed May 12, 2018; see also Species Concepts in Biology – Historical Developments, Theoretical Foundations and Practical Relevance, by Frank. E. Zachos, Springer, Cham Switzerland, 2016, https://books.google.com/books?id=dNU0DQAAQBAJ&pg=PA107&dq=%22theoretical+species%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwin2e7P2cbXAhWqw1QKHfl4CCYQ6AEIMjAC#v=onepage&q=%22theoretical%20species%22&f=false, Accessed June 23, 2018.

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    See “Phylogenetic diversity metrics for ecological communities: integrating species richness, abundance and evolutionary history,” by Marc W. Cadotte, T. Jonathan Davies, James Regetz, Steven W. Kembel, Elsa Cleland, Todd H. Oakley, 21 December 2009, Ecology Letters, Wiley Online Library, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2009.01405.x, https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2009.01405.x, Accessed August 2, 2018; see also “Predicting loss of evolutionary history: Where are we?” by Simon Veron, T. Jonathan Davies, Marc W. Cadotte, Philippe Clergeau, Sandrine Pavoine,14 October 2015, https://doi.org/10.1111/brv.12228, Wiley Online Library, Biological Reviews, Cambridge Philosophical Society, https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/brv.12228, Accessed May 14, 2018.

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    See “Using Ancient DNA to Understand Evolutionary and Ecological Processes,” Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics, Vol. 45:573–598, Volume publication date November 2014, first published online as a Review in Advance on October 6, 2014, https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-120213-091712, by Lucovi Orlando and Alan Cooper, https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-120213-091712, Accessed May 14, 2018; see also “Reconstructing past species assemblages reveals the changing patterns and drivers of extinction through time,” Proceedings Of The Royal Society B Biological Sciences, Lindell Bromham, Robert Lanfear, Phillip Cassey, Gillian Gibb, Marcel Cardillo, Published 1 August 2012. doi: https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2012.1437, http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/279/1744/4024.short, Accessed May 14, 2018.

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    R. Schodde, I.J. Mason, 1999. The Directory of Australian Birds Passerines, CSIRO Publishing, Melbourne.

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    See “S23-3 The ultrataxon and its use in pure and applied biology,” by Richard Schodde, 52(Supplement): 425–428, 2006, Acta Zoologica Sinica, p. 427, http://www.actazool.org/temp/%7BDB315E75-E4E3-4528-B6F8-89CDB8D18789%7D.pdf, Accessed May 16, 2018.

  25. 25.

    See Sartre – A Life, by Annie Cohen-Solal, Translated by Anna Cancogni, Edited by Norman Macafee, Pantheon Books, New York, 1987, p. 116.

  26. 26.

    M.A.K. Halliday, Language as social semiotic: The social interpretation of language and meaning. Maryland. University Park Press, 1978, p. 39.

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    Camilo Mora, Derek P. Tittensor, Sina Adl, Alastair G. B. Simpson, Boris Worm. “How Many Species Are There on Earth and in the Ocean?” PLoS Biology, 2011; 9 (8): e1001127. doi: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.1001127, Accessed May 17, 2018.

  29. 29.

    See The Theoretical Individual – Imagination, Ethics and the Future of Humanity, by M. C. Tobias and J. G. Morrison, Springer, New York and Switzerland, 2018, p. 132.

  30. 30.

    George Boolos, Journal of Philosophy 81 (*):430–449 (1984), doi: jphil198481840, Accessed May 17, 2018.

  31. 31.

    op. cit., Tobias/Morrison., p. 132.

  32. 32.

    Annals of Pure and Applied Logic, Volume 162, Issue 10, October 2011, Pages 816–835, “Completeness and cut-elimination theorems for trilattice logics,”, Science Direct, Elsevier, https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0168007211000352, Accessed May 17, 2018.

  33. 33.

    See Curry, Haskell B., J. Roger Hindley, and Jonathan P. Seldin, 1972, Combinatory Logic, volume 2, (Studies in Logic and the Foundations of Mathematics, 65), Amsterdam: North-Holland.

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    See The Annals of Mathematics, Vol. 36, No. 3, July, 1935, “The Inconsistency of Certain Formal Logics,” S. C. Kleene and J. B. RosserSecond Series, Vol. 36, No. 3 (July, 1935), pp. 630–636, Published by: Mathematics Department, Princeton University, doi: https://doi.org/10.2307/1968646, Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1968646, https://www.jstor.org/stable/1968646?origin=crossref&seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents, Accessed May 17, 2018.

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    See Reeder, P., 2015, ‘Zeno’s Arrow and the Infinitesimal Calculus’, Synthese, 192: 1315–1335.

  36. 36.

    See Henninger, M. G., 1989, Relations: Medieval Theories 1250–1325, Oxford: Clarendon Press.

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    See Barwise, J. and S. Feferman (eds.), 1985, Handbook of Model-Theoretic Logics, New York: Springer-Verlag., Cantor’s Theorem; see Gray, Robert [1994], “Georg Cantor and Transcendental Numbers,” American Mathematical Monthly, 101: 819–832, doi: https://doi.org/10.2307/2975129; see also Löwenheim, L., 1915, “On Possibilities in the Calculus of Relatives,” in van Heijenoort 1967, pp. 228–251.

  38. 38.

    See Carnielli, W. and Marcos, J., 2001, “Ex contradictione non sequitur quodlibet” Proc. 2nd Conf. on Reasoning and Logic Bucharest, July 2000.

  39. 39.

    See Periphyseon, Patrologia Latina CXXII I. 476b. See Periphyseon -The Division of Nature – Translated by I. P. Sheldon-Williams and JJ O’Meara, Montreal: Bellarmin, 1987; see also Periphyseon (De Naturae Division). Edited with the collaboration of Ludwig Bieler. Dublin, The Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, 4 volumes, 1978–1995.

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    “The Cloud of Unknowing,” Introduction Patrick J. Gallacher, Editor, Middle English Texts Series, University of Rochester, http://d.lib.rochester.edu/teams/text/gallacher-cloud-of-unknowing-introduction, Accessed August 20, 2018.

  41. 41.

    The Social Conquest Of Earth, by Edward O. Wilson, Liveright Publishing Corporation, A Division of W. W. Norton & Company, New York, 2012, p. 235.

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  43. 43.

    See Kapil D. Joshi, Foundations of Discrete Mathematics, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1989.

  44. 44.

    See Songxin Liang, Jürgen Gerhard, D.J. Jeffrey and Guillaume Moroz, “A Package for Solving Parametric Polynomial Systems,” ACM Communications in Computer Algebra, 43 (3/4), 61–72, 2010.

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    The Book of the Dead: The Papyrus of Ani in the British Museum; the Egyptian Text with Interlinear Transliteration and Translation, a Running Translation, Introduction, etc. British Museum.

  46. 46.

    See W. Hamilton, (1964). “The genetical evolution of social behaviour. I”. Journal of Theoretical Biology. 7 (1): 1–16. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-5193(64)90038-4. PMID 5875341. Hamilton, W. (1964). “The genetical evolution of social behaviour. II”. Journal of Theoretical Biology. 7 (1): 17–52. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-5193(64)90039-6. PMID 5875340.

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  50. 50.

    David Sloan Wilson, Does Altruism Exist? Culture, Genes, and the Welfare of Others, Yale University Press, New Haven and London, and Templeton Press, 2015, p. 44.

  51. 51.

    See Birds of Ireland – Paintings by Richard Dunscombe Parker (c.1805–1881), Edited by Martyn Anglesea, Designed by Wendy Dunbar, The Blackstaff Press, Dundonald, Northern Ireland, 1983, p. 8.

  52. 52.

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  53. 53.

    “Genetic rescue in an inbred Arctic fox (Vulpes lagopus) population,” by Malin Hasselgren, Anders Angerbjörn, Nina E. Eide, Rasmus Erlandsson, Øystein Flagstad, Arild Landa, Johan Wallén, Karin Norén, Proceedings of the Royal Society B, Published 28 March 2018. doi: https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2017.2814. http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/285/1875/20172814, Accessed April 4, 2018.

  54. 54.

    See the feature documentary, “Hotspots,” PBS, A Dancing Star Foundation Production, http://www.hotspots-thefilm.org/.

  55. 55.

    http://www.iucnredlist.org/search, Accessed April 4, 2018; “IUCN proposes new method for measuring species’ conservation success,” 26 March 2018, http://www.iucnredlist.org/news/iucn_proposes_new_method_for_measuring_species_conservation_success, Accessed April 4, 2018.

  56. 56.

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    See “Should Some Species Be Allowed to Die Out?” By Jennifer Kahn, New York Times Magazine Section, March 13, 2018.

  59. 59.

    Ibid., New York Times Magazine Section. This dialectic, very much at the heart of environmental ethics, was enshrined quite powerfully in the book Noah’s Choice – The Future Of Endangered Species, by Charles C. Mann and Mark L. Plummer, A Borzoi Book, Alfred A. Knopf, Inc., New York, 1995.

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    See “The Dark Side of the National Park Service,” n.a., Animal Wildlife Institute Quarterly, Fall 2009, Vol. 58, Number 4, pp. 10–11.

  61. 61.

    Ibid., AWI, p. 11.

  62. 62.

    Ibid., AWI, p. 11.

  63. 63.

    www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2009/oct/07/rhino-horn-poaching-south-africa, October 7, 2009.

  64. 64.

    National Parks Traveler, www.nationalparkstraveler.com/2009/09/ginseng-poachers-nabbed-cumberland-ga.

  65. 65.

    n.a., www.wildlifewarriorswarriors.org.au/asian_conservation/tiger_conservation.html; Serengeti –The National Park’s Official Site, www.serengeti.org/nav/head_serengeti.html.

  66. 66.

    US Fed News Service, July 14, 2009, www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-1786648971.html.

  67. 67.

    www.zoosociety.org/Conservation/Bonobo/BCBI/Salonga.php.

  68. 68.

    See Zoological Society of Milwaukee, accessed 11/17/2009. See also “America’s National Park System: The Critical Documents,” edited by Lary M. Dilsaver, Chapter 5, “Questions of Resource Management: 1957–1963,” “Wildlife Management” in “The National Parks” (often referred to as the Stegner Report), 1962, www.nps.gov.history/history/online_books/anps/anps_5c.htm. See “Horesback Hunts in Alaska’s Largest National Park,” www.wrangelloutfitters.com/hunting.html; see also “Poaching –CopperWiki,” www.copperwiki.org/index.php/Poaching; and “Park Management, Conservation and Research –answers to the conflict between Man and Wildlife?” www.serengeti.org/serengeti.html.

  69. 69.

    See “Protecting Animals” American Humane, www.americanhumane.org/protecting-animals/; see also www.peta.org/mc/facts/fsc3.html; see also “World Top Ten Countries With Most Pet Dog Population,” www.mapsofworld.com/world-top-ten/countries-with-most-pet-dog-populationm.html.

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    See www.nytimes.com/1992/03/03/opinion/1-pigeons-are-swee-loving-and-don-t-bite-762692.

    html?pagewan; see also NYC Pigeon Legislation Still Up in the Air – Anti-Pigeon Bill Ruffles Activists’ Feathers, by Betsy Morais, January 23, Coloumbia Spectator, http://pigeonpolitics.globspot.com/2008/01/nyc-pigeon-legislation-still-up-in-air.html.

  71. 71.

    See Padmanabh S. Jaini’s “Collected Papers on Jaina Studies,” reviewed by Mari Heim in Journal of the American Oriental Society, January 2003, in www.Britannica.com/bps/additionalcontent/18/11676151/Collected-Papers-on=Jaina-Studies-book.

  72. 72.

    See http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/homs/species.html, Accessed July 7, 2018.

  73. 73.

    See “Study Finds Unexpected Bacterial Diversity on Human Skin,” by Julia Segre, Ph.D., senior author of the National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI), NIH News, National Institutes of Health, www.nih.gov/news/health/may2009/nhgri-28.htm.

  74. 74.

    See “New species of bacteria found in human mouth,” www.thaindian.com/newsportal/world-news/new-species-of-bacgteria-found-in-human-mouth_10082526.htm.

  75. 75.

    See “How Cells Work” at http://science.howstuffworks.com/cellular-microscopic-biology/cell1.htm. See “How Cells Work” at http://science.howstuffworks.com/cellular-microscopic-biology/cell1.htm.

  76. 76.

    https://biocyc.org/CPEL335992/NEW-IMAGE?type=ORGANISM&object=TAX-54526, Accessed May 7, 2018..

  77. 77.

    See The Metaphysics of Protection, by Tobias/Morrison, Waterside Press, Cardiff by the Sea, CA, 2014, p. 138.

  78. 78.

    World Population to 2300, http://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/longrange2/WorldPop2300final.pdf; See also “UN’s world population estimates raise questions on sustainability,” Dec 14, 2010 by Michael Krebs, http://www.digitaljournal.com/article/301443#ixzz1BD7KmqBs.

  79. 79.

    See A. Atkinson; V. Siegel; E.A. Pakhomov; M.J. Jessopp; V. Loeb (2009). “A re-appraisal of the total biomass and annual production of Antarctic krill” (PDF). Deep-Sea Research Part I. 56 (5): 727–740. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2008.12.007; and for the “tonnes” figure, U. Kils; P. Marshall (1995). “Der Krill, wie er schwimmt und frisst – neue Einsichten mit neuen Methoden, “The Antarctic krill – how it swims and feeds – new insights with new methods,” in I. Hempel; G. Hempel. Biologie der Polarmeere – Erlebnisse und Ergebnisse (Biology of the Polar Oceans Experiences and Results). Fischer Verlag. pp. 201–210. ISBN 3-334-60950-2.; R. Piper (2007), Extraordinary Animals: An Encyclopedia of Curious and Unusual Animals. Greenwood Press.

  80. 80.

    For discussion, see The Metaphysics of Protection, by Tobias/Morrison, Waterside Press, Cardiff by the Sea, CA, 2014, p. 7.

  81. 81.

    See “Eastern Cottonwood,” by D. T. Cooper, https://www.srs.fs.usda.gov/pubs/misc/ag_654/volume_2/populus/deltoides.htm, Accessed May 27, 2018.

  82. 82.

    See “Scientists identify Ecuador’s Yasuni National Park as one of most biodiverse places on Earth,” January 19, 2010, University of Texas at Austin, https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2010/01/100119133510.htm, Accessed May 27, 2018; Reprinted with editorial adaptations by ScienceDaily from, “Global Conservation Significance of Ecuador’s Yasuni National Park,” PLoS ONE, 2010: 5 (1): c8767. doi: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.008767, by Margot S. Bass, Matt Finer, Clinton N. Jenkins, Holger Kreft, Diego F. Cisneros-Heredia, Shawn F. McCracken, Nigel C. A. Pitman, Peter H. English, Kelly Swing, Gorky Villa, Anthony Di Fiore, Christian C. Voigt, Thomas H. Kunz.

  83. 83.

    See Voltaire’s poem, “Epistle to the Beautiful Uranie:” “Believe that the eternal wisdom of the Most High Has graven with his hand, in the depths of your heart, The Religion of Nature,” cited in Voltaire – Genius Of Mockery, by Victor Thaddeus, Brentano’s Publishers, New York, NY, 1928, p. 65.

  84. 84.

    See Life Force – The World of Jainism, by Michael Tobias, Asian Humanities Press, Freemont, CA, 1991.

  85. 85.

    See “Demodex spp., − Face Mites – Follicle Mites are Common Parasites of Human Facial Skin”, by Rosemary Drisdelle, August 29, 2007, http://skindisease.suiute101.com/article.cfm/demodex_spp_face_mites. For conflicting data, citing only “approximately 13 species in this genus,” see “Demodex folliculorum,” http://zipcodezoo.com/Animals/D/Demodex_folliculorum/.

  86. 86.

    See “First-ever estimate of total bacteria on earth – Study shows far greater numbers than ever known before”; see San Diego Earth Times, September 1998, www.sdearthtimes.com/et0998/et0998s8.html; see also “Microbial Population Explosion,” by David Tenenbaum, http://whyfiles.org/shorties/count_bact.html.

  87. 87.

    See “Scientist: Alien life could already be on Earth,” by Raphael G. Satter, http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/35083220/ns/technology_and_science-science/?GT1=43001. January 26, 2010.

  88. 88.

    See “Beneficial Bacteria to Humans,” by Batul Nafisa Baxamusa, www.buzzle.com/articles/beneficialbacteria-to-humans.html, October 28, 2009.

  89. 89.

    See “Virus Myth Busters,” by Sharath Srinivasiah, Doctoral Student, and Professor K. Eric Wommack, University of Delaware, www.expeditions.udel.edu/extreme08/microbes/virus-myth.php.

  90. 90.

    https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/running-ponies/worlds-rarest-whale-seen-for-first-time-spade-toothed-whale/ Accessed May 7, 2018.

  91. 91.

    https://www.earthtouchnews.com/conservation/endangered/kakapo-comeback/.

  92. 92.

    http://eol.org/pages/4453635/details#conservation_status.

  93. 93.

    https://www.forbes.com/sites/grrlscientist/2016/06/30/lost-and-found-the-worlds-rarest-parrot/#13dc0ef74568, Accessed May 7, 2018.

  94. 94.

    https://corvidresearch.blog/2017/01/05/the-rarest-crow/.

  95. 95.

    http://islandheritage.org/wordpress/wpcontent/uploads/2010/06/RNJ_9_3_Liller.pdf, Accessed May 7, 2018.

  96. 96.

    See www.hotspots-thefilm.org.

  97. 97.

    See http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0115548, Accessed May 7, 2018.

  98. 98.

    http://theconversation.com/australian-endangered-species-lord-howe-island-stick-insect-11789, January 23, 2013, Accessed May 7, 201.

  99. 99.

    See “13 Species We Might Have To Say Goodbye To in 2015,” n.a., https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2015/01/02/globalpost-species-near-extinction/21182221/, Accessed May 8, 2018.

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    Ibid., “The Barometer of Life”.

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    Friedrich-Hundt-Gesellschaft, Münster: Art Galerie Siegen; Kunstverein Unna; DruckVerlag Kettler, Bönen, 2008, pp. 10–13.

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    Maria Sibylla Merian: Insects of Surinam, by Katharina Schmidt-Loske, Taschen America LLC, 2009.

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    See, for example, “Modern Man’s Superiority Complex Is Modern Man Superior to His Predecessors?” by Fr. Chad Ripperger, F.S.S.P., PhD. Copyright © 2006, http://www.sensustraditionis.org/MansComplex.pdf, Accessed July 28, 2018; see also “How Our Human Superiority Complex Has Clouded Research on Ape Social Intelligence,” by Mike Harris on 09/05/2017, https://friendsofanimals.org/how-our-human-superiority-complex-has-clouded-research-on-ape-social-intelligence/ Accessed July 28, 2018.

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    See Aesop’s Fables, Translated by V. S. Vernon Jones, With illustrations by Arthur Rackham and Others, Macmillan Collector’s Library, London, 2017, p. 17.

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    The Abridged Edition, Drawings by Sarah Landry, The Belknap Press Of Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass., 1980, p. 3 of the chapter “The Morality of the Gene”.

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    Ibid.

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    Translated from the French by Justin O’Brien, Alfred A. Knopf, New York, 1955, p. 3.

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    Ibid., p. 3.

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    Ibid., pp. 5–6.

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    Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass. 1975.

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    Ibid., Wilson, 1980, p. 300.

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    op.cit., Camus, p. 6.

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    Interview by Damian Carrington, “Paul Ehrlich: ‘Collapse of Civilisation is a Near Certainty Within Decades’” The Guardian Newspaper, London, March 22, 2018, https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2018/mar/22/collapse-civilisation-near-certain-decades-population-bomb-paul-ehrlich, Accessed April 2, 2018.

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    See God’s Country: The New Zealand Factor, by Tobias and Morrison, Zorba Press, A Dancing Star Foundation Book, Ithaca, NY, 2011.

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    http://www.nhm.ac.uk/our-science/our-work/origins-evolution-and-futures/extinction-large-mammals-late-quaternary.html, Principal Investigator, Professor Adrian Lister, Natural History Museum, Accessed April 4, 2018; see also Late Quaternary megafaunal extinctions on the continents: a short review, Anthony John Stuart, First published: 20 December 2014, https://doi.org/10.1002/gj.2633, https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/gj.2633, Accessed April 4, 2018.

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    See World War III –Population and the Biosphere at the End of the Millennium, M. Tobias, Bear & Co., Santa Fe, NM, 1994.

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    See Henry David Thoreau, Collected Essays And Poems, The Library Of America, Literary Classics of the United States, New York, 2001; see also The Journal Of Henry D. Thoreau, In Fourteen Volumes Bound as Two, Edited by Bradford Torrey and Francis H. Allen, With a Foreword by Walter Harding, Dover Publications, Inc., New York, 1962.

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    Springer Publishers, New York, Cham, 2017.

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    Tobias/Morrison, Zorba Press, Ithaca, NY, March 21, 2011.

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    Our concept of “pain points” was first published in the Biodiversity Action Plan For Bhutan 2008, in the first draft Annexure, “Animal Rights in Bhutan,” by Michael Tobias, National Biodiversity Centre, Ministry of Agriculture, Thimphu, September 2008, pp. 78–84.

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    Harcourt Brace-Jovanovich, New York and London, 1971.

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    Moral Differences – Truth, Justice and Conscience in a World of Conflict, Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey, 1992, pp. 211–217

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    Ibid., Miller, p. 58.

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    “Illustrated by Charles Copeland, Ginn & Company, Boston, MA, 1906.

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    Quoted in “Carl Linnaeus, 1707–1778,” http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/history/linnaeus.html, Accessed June 19, 2018.

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    See, https://www.nps.gov/thro/learn/historyculture/theodore-roosevelt-and-conservation.htm, Accessed April 1, 2018.

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    See Anthony Cronin’s Samuel Beckett – The Last Modernist, HarperCollins Publishers, 1996, Chapter 10.

  152. 152.

    Chatto & Windus, London, 1931.

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    For in-depth marginalia during the staging of Waiting for Godot, see the Theatrical Notebooks of Samuel Beckett, Volume 1, Waiting for Godot, General Editor: James Knowlson, Volume 1, Waiting for Godot, with a revised text, Edited With An Introduction And Notes By Dougald Mcmillan and James Knowlson, Grove Press, New York, 1993.

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Tobias, M.C., Morrison, J.G. (2019). Between the Theoretical and the Hypothetical. In: The Hypothetical Species. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-11319-3_2

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