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Communication Between Living and Non-living Systems: The Basis for Advanced Targeted Nanomedicine

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Advanced Targeted Nanomedicine

Part of the book series: Nanomedicine and Nanotoxicology ((NANOMED))

Abstract

Every system known to man can be categorised as either a living system or a non-living system. There are many features and factors which differentiate the categories. Living systems are distinguishable from non-living systems by their ability to maintain stable, ordered states far from thermodynamic equilibrium (PLoS ONE 6:e22085, 2011 [1]). For the living systems to maintain the ordered nonequilibrium states, they continuously exchange information/entropy with their environments, grow and reproduce. Examples of living systems include humans, animals, plants and cells. On the other hand, non-living systems, if isolated or placed in a uniform environment, usually cease all motion very quickly such that no macroscopically observable events occur, thereby maintaining permanent equilibrium. Examples include all inanimate objects.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering, University of Pretoria, Hatfield, Pretoria, South Africa

    Uche Chude-Okonkwo, Reza Malekian & B. T. Maharaj

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  1. Uche Chude-Okonkwo
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  2. Reza Malekian
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  3. B. T. Maharaj
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Correspondence to Reza Malekian .

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Chude-Okonkwo, U., Malekian, R., Maharaj, B.T. (2019). Communication Between Living and Non-living Systems: The Basis for Advanced Targeted Nanomedicine. In: Advanced Targeted Nanomedicine. Nanomedicine and Nanotoxicology. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-11003-1_2

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