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Applications of Ionic Liquids and Deep Eutectic Solvents in Biorefinery-Biodiesel Production

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Abstract

Serious environmental concerns resulting from the use of fossil fuels have urged the scientific community to concentrate their efforts on finding alternative clean fuels and sustainable raw materials. Biofuels offer a reduction in fossil fuel usage instead, potentially reducing carbon emissions. In addition, some biofuels are considered a clean and biodegradable substitute produced via different processes depending on both the raw material and the products. Ionic liquids (ILs), a new class of solvents, have many favorable characteristics, e.g., low vapor pressure, non-flammability, ability to dissolve polar and nonpolar compounds, and thermal stability. In this chapter, the use of ILs and their analogues deep eutectic solvents (DESs) in the production and treatment of biodiesel is investigated.

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Abbreviations

[BMIM][BF4]:

1 butyl-3-methyl imidazolium tetrafluoroborate

[BMIM][lnCl4]:

1-n-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrachloro-indate

[BMIM][N(CN)2]:

1-butyl-3-methyl imidazolium dicyanamide

[BMIM][PF6]:

1-butyl-3-methyl imidazolium hexafluorophosphate

[BMIM][Tf2N]:

1 butyl-3-methyl imidazolium bis(trifluoromethyl sulfonyl)imide

[BMIM]Im:

1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium imidazolide

[BMIM]OH:

1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hydroxide

[BMMIM][Tf2N]:

1-butyl-2,3-dimethylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethyl sulfonyl)imide

[BSPy][CF3SO3]:

1-(4-sulfonic acid) butylpyridinium trifluoromethanesulfonate

[BSPy][HSO4]:

1-(4-sulfonic acid) butylpyridinium hydrogen sulfate

[C16MIM][Tf2N]:

1-hexadecyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethyl sulfonyl)imide

[C18MIM][Tf2N]:

1-octadecyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethyl sulfonyl)imide

[EMIM][OAc]:

1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate

[EMIM][PF6]:

1-ethyl-3-methyl imidazolium hexafluorophosphate

[EMIM][TfO]:

1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium trifluoromethanesulfonate

[EMIM]BF4:

1-ethyl-3-methyl imidazolium tetrafluoroborate

[EMIM]Cl:

1-ethyl-3-methyl imidazolium chloride

[EMIM]DEP:

1-ethyl-3-methyl imidazolium diethylphosphate

[EMIM]EtOSO3:

1-ethyl-3-methyl imidazolium ethyl sulfate

[EMIM]SCN:

1-ethyl-3-methyl imidazolium thiocyanate

[HMIM][BF4]:

1-hexyl-3-methyl imidazolium tetrafluoroborate

[HMIM][N(CN)2]:

1-hexyl-3-methyl imidazolium dicyanamide

[HMIM][Tf2N]:

1-hexyl-3-methyl imidazolium bis(trifluoromethyl sulfonyl)imide

[HMMIM][Tf2N]:

1-hexyl-2,3-dimethylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethyl sulfonyl)imide

[NMP][CH3SO3]:

N-methyl-2-pyrrolidonium methyl sulfonate

[OMIM][PF6]:

1-methyl-3-octylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate

[OMIM][Tf2N]:

1-methyl-3-octylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethyl sulfonyl)imide

[OMMIM][Tf2N]:

1-octyl-2,3-dimethylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethyl sulfonyl)imide

[OMPY][BF4]:

1-octyl-3-methylpyridinium tetrafluoroborate

[SBP][HSO4]:

(2-(4-sulfobutyl) pyrazolium hydrogensulfate)

[SMIM][HSO4]:

1-(4-sulfonic acid) butyl-3-methylimidazolium hydrogen sulfate

[SO3H-(CH2)3-HIM][HSO4]:

1-(propyl-3-sulfonate) imidazolium hydrogen sulfate

[SPyr][HSO4]:

1-(4-sulfonic acid) butylpyridinium hydrogen sulfate

ACPO:

Acidic crude palm oil

BAO:

Bitter apple oil

ChAc:

Choline acetate

ChCl:

Choline chloride

DBT:

Dibenzothiophene

DESs:

Deep eutectic solvents

DMC:

Dimethyl carbonate

FAME:

Fatty acid methyl esters

Gly:

Glycerol

HBA:

Hydrogen bond acceptor

HBD:

Hydrogen bond donor

HPyrBr:

1-hexylpyridinium bromide

ILs:

Ionic liquids

IMC2OH:

Bis-(3-methyl-1-imidazole)-ethylene dihydroxide

IMC3OH:

Bis-(3-methyl-1-imidazole)-propylene dihydroxide

IMC4OH:

Bis-(3-methyl-1-imidazole)-butylene dihydroxide

IMC5OH:

Bis-(3-methyl-1-imidazole)-pentylene dihydroxide

IMC6OH:

Bis-(3-methyl-1-imidazole)-hexylene dihydroxide

KOH:

Potassium hydroxide

LGCPO:

Low-grade crude palm oil

MIL:

Magnetic ILs

MTBE:

Methyl tertiary butyl ether

MTPPB:

Methyl triphenyl phosphonium bromide

MW:

Microwaves

PTSA:

p-toluenesulfonic acid

scCO2:

Supercritical carbon dioxide

TFA:

Total fatty acid

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Chemical Engineering Department, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

    I. Wazeer & M. K. Hadj-Kali

  2. Department of Chemical Engineering, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Masdar City Campus, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates

    I. M. AlNashef

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  1. I. Wazeer
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  2. M. K. Hadj-Kali
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  3. I. M. AlNashef
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  1. Chemical Engineering Department, Khalifa University, Masdar Campus, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates

    Juan-Rodrigo Bastidas-Oyanedel

  2. SDU-Department of Chemical Engineering, Biotechnology, and Environmental Technology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense M, United Arab Emirates

    Jens Ejbye Schmidt

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Wazeer, I., Hadj-Kali, M.K., AlNashef, I.M. (2019). Applications of Ionic Liquids and Deep Eutectic Solvents in Biorefinery-Biodiesel Production. In: Bastidas-Oyanedel, JR., Schmidt, J. (eds) Biorefinery. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-10961-5_8

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