Abstract
The diagnosis and management of TED can be challenging for the clinician, given the diversity of clinical phenotypes. Treatment must be tailored to the severity and prognosis of the disease in each individual patient. All patients who smoke should be strongly encouraged to stop given that this is the most prominent modifiable risk factor. While most patients require only supportive measures, a significant minority requires medical and/or surgical intervention to reverse the disabling and vision-threatening features of the disease.
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Campbell, A.A., Kazim, M. (2019). Thyroid Eye Disease. In: Casper, D., Cioffi, G. (eds) The Columbia Guide to Basic Elements of Eye Care. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-10886-1_29
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-10886-1_29
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