Abstract
This chapter summarizes the evolution of Latin America’s integration into the world economy since the 1980s from a structuralist perspective. It describes the different moments of the region’s insertion: the lost decade and the implementation of the liberalization agenda during the eighties, the nineties and the export turn of the region together with the wave of trade agreements with core countries and the impact of the commodity boom on the region’s productive structure. It concludes that the region is facing a growth regime that is based on an extractive and a low-value added export basket, a deep deindustrialization and restricted policy space for the states to implement pro-developmental policies.
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Notes
- 1.
Data from Bértola and Ocampo (2012: 207, 224).
- 2.
North American Free Trade Agreement.
- 3.
Dominican Republic-Central America Free Trade Agreement . It includes the US, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Dominican Republic, Guatemala, Honduras and Nicaragua.
- 4.
The General System of Preferences (GSP ) is a unilateral mechanism of tariff preferences established in 1968 under GATT . It is a tariff regime below the MFN offered by developed countries to imports of goods coming from developing regions, in order to promote the latter’s exports. As it is a unilateral mechanism, it is subject to arbitrary changes by the developed countries. They can exclude a given country’s exports on political and/or economic grounds, as well as specific products, on the grounds these have a negative impact on internal competitiveness.
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Ahumada, J.M. (2019). Latin America Since the 1990s: Deindustrialization, Reprimarization and Policy Space Restrictions. In: The Political Economy of Peripheral Growth. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-10743-7_3
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