Abstract
This chapter addresses the context in which Schengen States implement EU visa policy. Implementation practices are tailored to context. Although Belgium, France, and Italy implement visa policy in a same country, the context is differentiated. Contexts stem from the history of bilateral relations, migratory movements, and visa introduction. The colonial past and old, interdependent migratory movements characterize the case of France. The need of workforce prompts migration to Belgium in the 1960s. Moroccans migrating to Italy in the 1990s replace Italian emigration to Morocco. In the 1980s, Belgium and France introduced visa requirements to control migration. Because visa introduction in ex-colonies is sensitive, France uses the disembarkation card and the certificate of lodging as bureaucratic means to control migration until the political opportunity of requiring visas arises. Italy has never used visa policy as an external mechanism of immigration control and, in the 1990s, introduced visa requirements to several countries to comply with European norms. The characteristics of contemporary visa applicants vary considerably, as a result of history. Building on consular statistics, the chapter shows differences, in terms of volumes, rates of short-stay and long-stay visas, refusal rates, travel purposes, and the challenges in using visa statistics for comparisons.
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Notes
- 1.
Terrorist attack on 23 February 1985 (on a Marks & Spencer shop), 9 March (the Rivoli Beaubourg cinema), and a double attack at the Galeries Lafayette and Printemps Haussmann department stores, 7 December (see Bigo 1991).
- 2.
Décret n° 82-442 du 27 mai 1982 pris pour l’application des articles 5, 5-1 et 5-3 de l’ordonnance n° 45-2658 du 2 novembre 1945 modifiée relative aux conditions d’entrée et de séjour des étrangers en France, en ce qui concerne l’admission sur le territoire français.
- 3.
See: Note ‘Attestation d’accueil du Ministère de l’Intérieur,’ 1982, Archives Weil, Centre d’histoire de Sciences Po, WE21.
- 4.
‘Pouvoir faire obstacle à la venue de personnes qui, tout en recherchant en réalité un établissement et un emploi se prévalent indûment d’un motif de tourisme ou de visite pour pouvoir s’introduire sur le territoire national hors de la procédure régulière.’ Source: ‘Attestation d’accueil du Ministère de l’Intérieur,’ 1982, Archives Weil, Centre d’histoire de Sciences Po, WE21.
- 5.
Examen des circonstances de fait (…):
-
maintien d’attaches permanentes dans le pays de départ (logement, emploi, scolarité des enfants)
-
durée de la visite (les visites de 3 mois complets devant être examinées avec la plus grande circonspection).
-
volume des bagages…
En tout état de cause, la garantie de rapatriement doit être systématiquement exigée.
Il paraît, en dernier lieu, très important que l’information la plus large soit diffusée dans les postes sur l’impossibilité d’obtenir une régularisation à partir du territoire français. Source: ‘Note du Cabinet du Ministre des Affaires Sociales et de la Solidarité Nationale au Cabinet du Ministre des Affaires Etrangères au sujet des critères de délivrance des visas de court séjours pour les visites familiales,’ Mars 1985, Archives Weil, Centre d’histoire de Sciences Po, WE21.
-
- 6.
The region is made up of the following prefectures and provinces: the provinces of Berkane, Eddriwesh, Figuig, Jerada, Nador, and Taourirt and the prefecture of Oujda-Angad.
- 7.
The Treaty has been transposed in Belgium by the law passed on June 20, 1960 (MB 27 October 1960).
- 8.
The Law passed on June 30, 1960, approved the Benelux Convention on the transfer of the control of persons at the external borders of the Benelux territory. Loi du 30 juin 1960 portant approbation de la Convention entre le Royaume de Belgique, le Grand-Duché de Luxembourg et le Royaume des Pays-Bas concernant le transfert du contrôle des personnes vers les frontières extérieures du territoire du Benelux, signée à Bruxelles le 11 avril 1960 (MB du 1 July 1960).
- 9.
DEMIG VISA database, which is part of the DEMIG project and has received funding from the European Research Council under the European Community’s Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007–2013)/ERC Grant Agreement 240940 awarded to Hein de Haas. For more information, see http://www.migrationdeterminants.eu.
- 10.
Brussels is composed of several administrative units, and each of them has its own mayor.
- 11.
International Migration Outlook 2018. https://doi.org/10.1787/migr_outlook-2018-en, available at https://read.oecd-ilibrary.org/social-issues-migration-health/international-migration-outlook-2018_migr_outlook-2018-en#page361.
- 12.
The source of the data of this section on Italy is the Organization for International Migration 2010 Report: Carthographie des flux migratoires des marocains en Italie. See http://www.iom.int/jahia/webdav/shared/shared/mainsite/activities/countries/docs/Cartographie_des_flux_migratoires_des_Marocains_en_Italie.pdf.
- 13.
Scambio di Note tra l’Italia ed il Marocco per l’abolizione dei visti. See http://www.esteri.it/MAE/IT/Ministero/Servizi/Archivi_Biblioteca/Storico_Diplom/, accessed 7 January 2012.
- 14.
This information is reported in a document of the Lower House presenting the proposal for a new Immigration Act in Italy. Progetto di Legge n° 153 – XIII Legislatura. See http://www.camera.it/_dati/leg13/lavori/stampati/sk0500/relazion/0153.htm, accessed 6 July 2018.
- 15.
Legge 28 febbraio 1990, n. 39 (Legge Martelli) Conversione in legge, con modificazioni, del decreto-legge 30 dicembre 1989, n. 416, recante norme urgenti in materia di asilo politico, di ingresso e soggiorno dei cittadini extracomunitari e di regolarizzazione dei cittadini extracomunitari ed apolidi già presenti nel territorio dello Stato. Disposizioni in materia di asilo (Gu 28 February 2090).
- 16.
See Circolare del Ministero dell’Interno, 19 August 1985, n. 559/443/225388/2/4/6 reproduced in Nascimbene (1988), 221. Quoted in: Meloni (2006, 40).
- 17.
Legge 30 dicembre 1986, n. 943, Norme in materia di collocamento e di trattamento dei lavoratori extracomunitari immigrati e contro le immigrazioni clandestine (Gu, 21 January 1987).
- 18.
The list of amendments of the Republican Party was published on the newspaper ‘Voce Repubblicana’ (n° 77, 19–20 April 1990), see Einaudi (2007, 150–151).
- 19.
The Trevi group was set up in 1976; the Ad Hoc Group on Europol was set up in June 1992; the Ad Hoc Group on Organised Crime was set up in September 1992; Police Working Group on Terrorism (PWGOT) is operational by 1988 (See Bunyan [1993]).
- 20.
Source: The Consulate-General of Belgium, France, and Italy in Casablanca.
- 21.
It is interesting to note that the number of family reunification visas applied for in Italy are significantly higher than Belgium and France (see Infantino 2014).
- 22.
The definition is included in the Regulation 539/2001 establishing the list of third countries whose nationals must be in possession of visas when crossing external borders and Visa Code.
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Infantino, F. (2019). Morocco: One ‘Third Country’ but Three National Contexts. In: Schengen Visa Implementation and Transnational Policymaking . Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-10647-8_3
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