Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Reactive Oxygen Species Signaling in Plants

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Plant Abiotic Stress Tolerance

Abstract

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are by-product of aerobic metabolism, and their production is limited to cellular compartments with a strong electron flow. Aerobic metabolic processes such as respiration and photosynthesis result in the generation of ROS. ROS include hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), superoxide radicals (O2•−), hydroxyl radicals (OH•), and singlet oxygen (1O2). ROS exert a wide range of physiological responses in plants, along with changes in cellular structure, and they can cause oxidative damage to indigenous enzymes, proteins, and nucleic acids. This toxicity of ROS explains the evolution of complex arrays of nonenzymatic and enzymatic detoxification mechanisms in plants. An extraordinary advance in understanding the role of ROS in stomatal movement has been made by researchers. Stomatal movement is controlled by a multifaceted signaling network in response to endogenous and environmental signals. In higher plants, abiotic stress induces the formation of ROS, leading to a wide range of physiological changes, while biotic stress includes damage due to living organisms that cause diseases in plants. However, plants produce various natural products of a toxic nature to protect themselves against microbial pathogens, and these products are also important for communication between plants and other organisms. In this chapter, various roles of ROS and enzymes in plant responses to stress regulation and metabolism are discussed.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 149.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD 199.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Abdollahi H, Ghahremani Z (2011) The role of chloroplasts in the interaction between Erwinia amylovora and host plants. Acta Hortic 896:215–221

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Alscher RG, Donahue JH, Cramer CL (1997) Reactive oxygen species and antioxidants: relationships in green cells. Physiol Plant 100:224–233

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Apel K, Hirt H (2004) Reactive oxygen species: metabolism, oxidative stress, and signal transduction. Annu Rev Plant Biol 55:373–399

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Asada K (2006) Production and scavenging of reactive oxygen species in chloroplasts and their functions. Plant Physiol 141:391–406

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Auh CK, Murphy TM (1995) Plasma membrane redox enzyme is involved in the synthesis of O2 and H2O2 by Phytophthora elicitor-simulated rose cells. Plant Physiol 107:1241–1247

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Backman PA, Sikora RA (2008) Endophytes: an emerging tool for biological control. Biol Control 46:1–3

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bacon CW, White J (2000) Microbial endophytes. Marcel Dekker, CRC, Boca Raton

    Google Scholar 

  • Baxter A, Mittler R, Suzuki N (2014) ROS as key players in plant stress signalling. J Exp Bot 65:1229–1240

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bhattacharjee S (2014) Membrane lipid peroxidation and its conflict of interest: the two faces of oxidative stress. Curr Sci 107:1811–1823

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bienert GP, Moller AL, Kristiansen KA, Schulz A, Moller IM, Schjoerring JK et al (2007) Specific aquaporins facilitate the diffusion of hydrogen peroxide across membranes. J Biol Chem 282:1183–1192

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bolwell GP, Blee KA, Butt VS, Davies DR, Gardner SL, Gerrish C, Minibayeva F, Rowntree EG, Wojtaszek P (1999) Recent advances in understanding the origin of the apoplastic oxidative burst in plant cells. Free Radic Res 31:137–145

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Borisova MM, Kozuleva MA, Rudenko NN, Naydov IA, Klenina IB, Ivanov BN (2012) Photosynthetic electron flow to oxygen and diffusion of hydrogen peroxide through the chloroplast envelope via aquaporins. Biochim Biophys Acta 1817:1314–1321

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Boursiac Y, Léran S, Corratgé-Faillie C, Gojon A, Krouk G, Lacombe B (2013) ABA transport and transporters. Trends Plant Sci 18:325–333

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Choudhury S, Panda SK (2004) Toxic effects, oxidative stress and ultrastructural changes in moss Taxithelium nepalense (schwaegr) Broth. under chromium and lead phytotoxicity.Water Air Pollution (submitted)

    Google Scholar 

  • Choudhury S, Panda P, Sahoo L, Panda SK (2013) Reactive oxygen species signaling in plants under abiotic stress. Plant Signal Behav 8:23681–23686

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cona A, Rea G, Angelini R, Federico R, Tavladoraki P (2006) Functions of amine oxidases in plant development and defence. Trends Plant Sci 11:80–88

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dalton TP, Shertzer HG, Puga A (1999) Regulation of gene expression by reactive oxygen. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 39:67–101

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dautreaux B, Toledano MB (2007) ROS as signalling molecules: mechanisms that generate specificity in ROS homeostasis. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 8:813–824

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Del-Rio LA, Corpas FJ, Sandalio LM, Palma JM, Gomez M, Barroso JB (2002) Reactive oxygen species, antioxidant systems and nitric oxide in peroxisome. J Exp Bot 53:1255–1272

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Doke N (1983) Generation of superoxide anion by potato tuber protoplasts during the hypersensitive response to hyphal wall components of Phytophthora infestans and specific inhibition of the reaction by suppressors of hypersensitivity. Physiol Plant Pathol 23:359–367

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dynowski M, Schaaf G, Loque D, Moran O, Ludewig U (2008) Plant plasma membrane water channels conduct the signaling molecule H2O2. Biochem J 414:53–61

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Elstner EF (1991) Mechanisms of oxygen activation in different compartments of plant cells, In: Pell E, Steffen KL (eds) Active oxygen/oxidative stress and plant metabolism. American Society of Plant Physiologists, Rockville, pp 13–25

    Google Scholar 

  • Foreman J, Demidchik V, Bothwell JH, Mylona P, Miedema H, Torres MA, Linstead P, Costa S, Brownlee C, Jones JD, et al. (2003) Reactive oxygen species produced by NADPH oxidase regulate plant cell growth. Nature 422:442–446

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Foyer CH, Harbinson JC (1994) Oxygen metabolism and the regulation of photosynthetic electron transport. In: Foyer CH, Mullineaux PM (eds) Causes of photooxidative stress and amelioration of defense systems in plants. CRC, Boca Raton, pp 1–42

    Google Scholar 

  • Foyer CH, Noctor G (2000) Oxygen processing in photosynthesis: regulation and signalling. New Phytol 146:234–240

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Foyer CH, Noctor G (2003) Redox sensing and signalling associated with reactive oxygen in chloroplast, peroxisomes and mitochondria. Physiol Plant 119:355–364

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Foyer CH, Noctor G (2005) Oxidant and antioxidant signaling in plants: a re-evaluation of the concept of oxidative stress in a physiological context. Plant Cell Environ 28:1056–1071

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Foyer CH, Noctor G (2016) Stress-related redox signaling: what’s in pROSpect? Plant Cell Environ 39:951–964

    Google Scholar 

  • Fujita M, Fujita Y, Noutoshi Y, Takahashi F, Narusaka Y, Yamaguchi-Shinozaki K et al (2006) Crosstalk between abiotic and biotic stress responses: a current view from the points of convergence in the stress signaling networks. Curr Opin Plant Biol 9:436–442

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gadjev I, Vanderauwera S, Gechev TS, Laloi C, Minkov IN, Shulaev V et al (2006) Transcriptomic footprints disclose specificity of reactive oxygen species signaling in Arabidopsis. Plant Physiol 141:436–445

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Girotti AW (2001) Photosensitized oxidation of membrane lipids: reaction pathways, cytotoxic effects and cytoprotective mechanisms. J Photochem Photobiol B 63:103–113

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Grant M, Brown I, Adams S, Knight M, Ainslie A, Mansfield J (2000a) The RPM1 plant disease resistance gene facilitates a rapid and sustained increase in cytosolic calcium that is necessary for the oxidative burst and hypersensitive cell death. Plant J 23:441–450

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Grant JJ, Yun BW, Loake GJ (2000b) Oxidative burst and cognate redox signalling reported by luciferase imaging: identification of a signal network that functions independently of ethylene, SA and Me-JA but is dependent on MAPKK activity. Plant J 24:569–582

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Greenberg BM, Huang XD, Gerwing P, Yu XM, Chang P, Wu SS, Gerhardt K, Nykamp J (2008) Phytoremediation of salt impacted soils: greenhouse and the field trials of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) to improve plant growth and salt phytoaccumulation. In: Proceedings of the 33rd AMOP Technical Seminar on Environmental Contamination and Response, Halifax, 8–10 June 2010, pp 627–637

    Google Scholar 

  • Halliwell B (2006) Reactive species and antioxidants. Redox biology is a fundamental theme of aerobic life. Plant Physiol 141:312–322

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Halliwell B, Gutteridge JMC (1989) Free radicals in biology and medicine. Clarendon, Oxford

    Google Scholar 

  • Horling F, Lamkemeyer P, König J, Finkemeier I, Kandlbinder A, Baier M et al (2003) Divergent light-, ascorbate-, and oxidative stress-dependent regulation of expression of the peroxiredoxin gene family in Arabidopsis. Plant Physiol 131:317–325

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jimenez A, Hernandez JA, Del Rio LA, Sevilla F (1997) Evidence for the presence of ascorbate glutathione cycle in mitochondria and peroxisomes of pea leaves. Plant Physiol 114:275–284

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Khan BR, Adham AR, Zolman BK (2012) Peroxisomal Acyl-CoA oxidase 4 activity differs between Arabidopsis accessions. Plant Mol Biol 78:45–58

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kindgren P, Eriksson MJ, Benedict C, Mohapatra A, Gough SP, Hansson M et al (2011) A novel proteomic approach reveals a role for Mg--protoporphyrin IX in response to oxidative stress. Physiol Plant 141:310–320

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kovtun Y, Chiu WL, Tena G, Sheen J (2000) Functional analysis of oxidative stress--activated mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade in plants. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 97:2940–2945

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kusnieczyk A, Winge P, Midelfart H, Armbruster WS, Rossiter JT, Bones AM (2007) Transcriptional responses of Arabidopsis thaliana ecotypes with different glucosinolate profiles after attack by polyphagous Myzus persicae and oligophagous Brevicoryne brassicae. J Exp Bot 58:2537–2552

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Laloi C, Apel K, Danon A (2004) Reactive oxygen signalling: the latest news. Curr Opin Plant Biol 7:323–328

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lamb C, Dixon RA (1997) The oxidative burst in plant disease resistance. Annu Rev Plant Physiol Plant Mol Biol 48:251–275

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lata R, Chowdhury S, Gond SK, White JF (2018) Induction of abiotic stress tolerance in plants by endophytic microbes. Lett Appl Microbiol 66:268–276

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Liu Y, Ren D, Pike S, Pallardy S, Gassmann W, Zhang S (2007) Chloroplast-generated reactive oxygen species are involved in hypersensitive response-like cell death mediated by a mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade. Plant J 51:941–954

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mattila H, Khorobrykh S, Havurinne V, Tyystjärvi E (2015) Reactive oxygen species: reactions and detection from photosynthetic tissues. J Photochem Photobiol B 152(Pt B):176–214

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mhamdi A, Queval G, Chaouch S,Vanderauwera S,Van Breusegem F, Noctor G (2010) Catalase function in plants: a focus on Arabidopsis mutants as stress-mimic models. J Exp Bot 61:4197–4220. https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erq282

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mittler R, Vanderauwera S, Martin G, Frank VB (2004) Reactive oxygen gene network of plants. TRENDS in Plant Science. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tplants.2004.08.009

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Møller IM, Sweetlove LJ (2010) ROS signalling—specificity is required. Trends Plant Sci 15:370–340

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mubarakshina MM, Ivanov BN, Naydov IA, Hillier W, Badger MR, Krieger-Liszkay A (2010) Production and diffusion of chloroplastic H2O2 and its implication to signaling. J Exp Bot 61:3577–3587

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Munné-Bosch S, Queval G, Foyer CH (2013) The impact of global change factors on redox signaling underpinning stress tolerance. Plant Physiol 161:5–19

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Munns R, Tester M (2008) Mechanisms of salinity tolerance. Annu Rev Plant Biol 59:651–681

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Murphy MP (2009) How mitochondria produce reactive oxygen species. Biochem J 417:1–13

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Neill S, Desikan R, Hancock J (2002a) Hydrogen peroxide signalling. Curr Opin Plant Biol 5: 388–395

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Neill SJ, Desikan R, Clarke A, Hurst RD, Hancock JT (2002b) Hydrogen peroxide and nitric oxide as signalling molecules in plants. J Exp Bot 53:1237–1247

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Neill SJ, Desikan R, Hancock JT (2003) Nitric oxide signaling in plants. New Phytol 159:11–35

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Neill S, Barros R, Bright J, Desikan R, Hancock J, Harrison J, Morris P, Ribeiro D, Wilson I (2008) Nitric oxide, stomatal closure, and abiotic stress. J Exp Bot 59:165–176

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Noctor G, Mhamdi A, Foyer CH (2016) Oxidative stress and antioxidative systems: recipes for successful data collection and interpretation. Plant, Cell Environ 39(5):1140–1160. ISSN 0140-7791

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nott A, Jung HS, Koussevitzky S, Chory J (2006) Plastid-to-nucleus retrograde signaling. Annu Rev Plant Biol 57:739–759

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pfannschmidt T, Nilsson A, Allen JF (1999) Photosynthetic control of chloroplast gene expression. Nature 406:731–734

    Google Scholar 

  • Pignocchi C, Fletcher JM, Wilkinson JE, Barnes JD, Foyer CH (2003) The function of ascorbate oxidase in tobacco. Plant Physiol 132:1631–1641

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pitzschke A, Forzani C, Hirt H (2006) Reactive oxygen species signaling in plants. Antioxid Redox Signal 8:1757–1764

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rahman A, Mostofa MG, Nahar K, Hasanuzzaman M, Fujita M (2016) Exogenous calcium alleviates cadmium-induced oxidative stress in rice (Oryza sativa L.) seedlings by regulating the antioxidant defense and glyoxalase systems. Braz J Bot 39:393–407

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rasmusson AG, Geisler DA, Møller IM (2008) The multiplicity of dehydrogenases in the electron transport chain of plant mitochondria. Mitochondrion 8:47–60

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rebeiz CA, Montazer-Zouhoor A, Mayasich JM, Tripathy BC, Wu SM, Rebeiz C (1988) Photodynamic herbicides. Recent developments and molecular basis of selectivity. CRC Crit Rev Plant Sci 6:385–436

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rhoads DM, Subbaiah CC (2007) Mitochondrial retrograde regulation in plants. Mitochondrion 7:177–194

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Riesen TK, Close RC (1987) Endophytic fungi in propiconazole-treated and untreated barley leaves. Mycologia 79:546–552

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Robson CA, Vanlerberghe GC (2002) Transgenic plant cells lacking mitochondrial alternative oxidase have increased susceptibility to mitochondria-dependent and -independent pathways of programmed cell death. Plant Physiol 129:1908–1920

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schafer H, Wink M (2009) Medicinally important secondary metabolites in recombinant microorganisms or plants: progress in alkaloid biosynthesis. Biotechnol J 4:1684–1703

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shinozaki K, Yamaguchi-Shinozaki K (2007) Gene networks involved in drought stress response and tolerance. J Exp Bot 58:221–227

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Singh R, Singh S, Parihar P, Mishra RK, Tripathi DK, Singh VP, Chauhan DK, Prasad SM (2016) Reactive oxygen species (ROS): beneficial companions of plants’ developmental processes. Front Plant Sci 7:1299. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2016.01299

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Song Y, Miao Y, Song CP (2014) Behind the scenes: the roles of reactive oxygen species response of plants to abiotic stress. Plant Cell Environ 35:259–270

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Suzuki N, Koussevitzky S, Mittler R, Miller G (2012) ROS and redox signalling in the response of plants to abiotic stress. Plant Cell Environ 35:259–270

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Takahashi S, Murata N (2008) How do environmental stresses accelerate photoinhibition? Trends Plant Sci 13:178–182

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tiwari BS, Belenghi B, Levine A (2002) Oxidative stress increased respiration and generation of reactive oxygen species, resulting in ATP depletion, opening of mitochondrial permeability transition, and programmed cell death. Plant Physiol 128:127–181

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Torres MA, Dangl JL (2005) Functions of the respiratory burst oxidase in biotic interactions, abiotic stress and development. Curr Opin Plant Biol 8:397–403

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Triantaphylidès C, Havaux M (2009) Singlet oxygen in plants: production, detoxification and signaling. Trends Plant Sci 14:219–228

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Turrens JF (2003) Mitochondrial formation of reactive oxygen species. J Physiol 552:335–344

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vanlerberghe GC, Robson CA, Yip JY (2002) Induction of mitochondrial alternative oxidase in response to a cell signal pathway down-regulating the cytochrome pathway prevents programmed cell death. Plant Physiol 129:1829–1842

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Waszczak C, Melanie C, Jaakko K (2018) Reactive oxygen species in plant signaling. Annu Rev Plant Biol. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-arplant-042817-040322

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wilson D (1995) Endophyte: the evolution of a term, and clarification of its use and definition. Oikos 73:274–276

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Woodson JD, Chory J (2008) Coordination of gene expression between organellar and nuclear genomes. Nat Rev Genet 9:383–395

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Xu Z, Jiang Y, Jia B, Zhou G (2016) Elevated-CO2 response of stomata and its dependence on environmental factors. Front Plant Sci 7:657. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2016.00657

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Zarkovic J, Anderson SL, Rhoads DM (2005) A reporter gene system used to study developmental expression of alternative oxidase and isolate mitochondrial retrograde regulation mutants in Arabidopsis. Plant Mol Biol 57:871–888

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang F, Zhang H, Wang G, Xu L, Shen Z (2009) Cadmium-induced accumulation of hydrogen peroxide in the leaf apoplast of Phaseolus aureus and Vicia sativa and the roles of different antioxidant enzymes. J Hazard Mater 168:76–84

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Horticultural Sciences, University College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan

    Muhammad Nafees & Ishtiaq Ahmed

  2. Department of Agriculture, The University of Swabi, Swabi, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan

    Shah Fahad

  3. Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan

    Adnan Noor Shah

  4. Department of Agronomy, University College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan

    Muhammad Adnan Bukhari

  5. Department of Botany, Government Sadiq College Women University, Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan

    Maryam

  6. Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Punjab, Pakistan

    Shakeel Ahmad

  7. Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Punjab, Pakistan

    Sajjad Hussain

Authors
  1. Muhammad Nafees
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Shah Fahad
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Adnan Noor Shah
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Muhammad Adnan Bukhari
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Maryam
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Ishtiaq Ahmed
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Shakeel Ahmad
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. Sajjad Hussain
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Muhammad Nafees , Shah Fahad or Sajjad Hussain .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka, Bangladesh

    Mirza Hasanuzzaman

  2. Department of Biological Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

    Khalid Rehman Hakeem

  3. Department of Agricultural Botany, Faculty of Agriculture, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka, Bangladesh

    Kamrun Nahar

  4. Department of Biological Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

    Hesham F. Alharby

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2019 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Nafees, M. et al. (2019). Reactive Oxygen Species Signaling in Plants. In: Hasanuzzaman, M., Hakeem, K., Nahar, K., Alharby, H. (eds) Plant Abiotic Stress Tolerance. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-06118-0_11

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation