Abstract
In the context of basic urban services formally delivered by the Municipal Government and other stakeholders, either individually, in groups or in combination, such as with state-owned companies, NGOs, international donors and community members, Chapter Six elaborate on the types and nature of basic urban service arrangements emerging in informal settlements as produced by a range of governance mechanisms. Four informal settlements in Jayapura are reviewed to assess trends and patterns, namely, Argapura Bawah, Batu Putih, Dok IX and Kayu Pulo. These settlements represent communities from various kin and ethnic backgrounds, urban locations and land tenure patterns in Jayapura. The chapter highlights key features of governance arrangements that provide basic urban services including the mechanisms applied in managing land, leadership and the organization of basic urban service provision. The results as revealed in the four settlements and strongly supported by an innovative typology analysis is that various types of urban governance arrangements provide basic urban services, albeit with diverse outcomes. The service type is repeated in each settlement, that is, housing, water, sanitation and public facilities, but they differ in terms of methods, process of construction, materials used, siting and placement (private/public/community interface), and the approach to usage (single or multifunctional). Modes of basic urban service provision in informal settlements range from self-built, group-built to community-built, and basic urban service provision undertaken in partnership with the Municipal Government and other stakeholders. As such, governance arrangements in informal settlements in Jayapura consist of several overlapping modes of governance, namely, traditional, formal and informal governance, and hybrid governance, all meeting and responding to different basic human and community needs and the adaptive capacity of stakeholders.
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Notes
- 1.
RT or Rukun Tetangga is a neighbourhood unit within a kelurahan or kampung, and consists of minimum 30 households. RW is Rukun Warga, consists of 3–5 RTs. The heads of the RT consult with members of the settlement on civil administrative matters in liaison with the heads of the RWs.
- 2.
Interviews with stakeholders, 2015.
- 3.
Permanent houses have a rigid and fixed construction such as those with solid concrete and good quality new materials of timber or corrugated iron. Semi-permanent houses are built from a mix of good and average quality of brick and other materials, new and recycled, but still can withstand winds and rain. Non-permanent houses are built from low quality materials such as recycled corrugated iron, cardboard, plastic sheets, and recycled banners.
- 4.
There was little published documentation on self-organized water provision in Jayapura. In responding to this, a series of observations was conducted by utilizing a typology analysis as described in Chapter Three. Observations in four informal settlements in Jayapura show that several self-organized initiatives have been utilized to secure water provision, including accessing water reserves, water springs and providing piping.
- 5.
Interviews with stakeholders, 2014.
- 6.
Respondent’s perceptions regarding water quality are based on availability and cleanness of water. ‘Very good’ quality includes continuous water supply and no need for filtering before boiling. ‘Good quality’ means regular supply but not 24 hours and no need for filtering. ‘Average quality’ comprises irregular supply and no need for filtering before usage which is mainly for washing, while ‘bad and very bad quality’ are perceived as minimal water supply with no need for filtering before usage.
- 7.
The case studies are based on the access obtained by Ninik Suhartini to conduct household surveys in these settlements. The author was precluded from accessing squatter settlements due to strong resistance from residents.
- 8.
According to the Spatial Plan of Jayapura 2008, the settlement of Argapura Bawah is defined as a buffer zone, thus categorizing the settlement as an unplanned area for settlement and including it in areas of conservation.
- 9.
Kampung Kayu Pulo is a sacred place for the Port Numbay communities and is only inhabited by native people from this kampung (Interviews with stakeholders, 2014–2015).
- 10.
Interviews with stakeholders, 2014.
- 11.
Houses in coastal area do not have land or building certificates.
- 12.
Interviews with stakeholders, 2015.
- 13.
The clean water quality as referred to the Regulation of Minister of Health of Republic Indonesia (PerMenkes 492 Tahun 2010).
- 14.
Interviews with stakeholders, 2014.
- 15.
Based on the clean water quality as referred to the Regulation of Minister of Health of Republic Indonesia (PerMenkes 492 Tahun 2010).
- 16.
Interviews with stakeholders, 2015.
- 17.
Interviews with stakeholders, 2015.
- 18.
Members of the tribe who married persons from outside Kayu Pulo have to reside outside the settlement and are mainly housed in Argapura Bawah.
- 19.
Interviews with stakeholders, 2014.
- 20.
The traditional governance of Port Numbay consists of the Customary Community Board (Lembaga Masyarakat Adat) and the Tribal Clan (Keondoafian). There are 12 tribal clans or Keondoafian in Jayapura. Each clan consists of several heads of tribe and is led by a head of clan (Ondoafi). The Ondoafi has the authority to make decisions over communal matters within the clan, such as the use of land, mediating disputes, and communicate with other clans. Each clan owns customary rights over land and other resources within their area. The rights are communal and can be transferred to families within the clan, but not to individuals. The Customary Community Board comprises of all Ondoafies in Jayapura and is led by the Head of Customary Board, who is appointed by all members. Only men can be appointed as Ondoafies and the Head of the Customary Board. The Ondoafi’s position belongs to oldest male descendants of the Ondoafi’s families, while the Head of the Customary Board’s position is decided in community meetings. The Ondoafi’s leadership in Jayapura is formally recognized and he acts as the head of Kampung, which is at the same level of the head of Kelurahan.
- 21.
Kampungs in Jayapura do not have RTs and RWs in their governance structure.
- 22.
Pigs have an important part in Papuan traditional culture and function as in-kind payment for weddings, land release, governance successions and funerals.
- 23.
Interviews with stakeholders, 2015.
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Suhartini, N., Jones, P. (2019). Key Features of Community Governance Arrangements in Informal Settlements. In: Urban Governance and Informal Settlements. The Urban Book Series. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-06094-7_6
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