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Histoplasmosis and Coccidioidomycosis

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Fungal Infections of the Central Nervous System

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Abstract

Fungal infections of the central nervous system (CNS) have increased in recent decades due to the growth of population susceptible to infections caused by primary fungal pathogens. Among these fungi, both genus Histoplasma and Coccidioides stand out, which are characterized by reaching the CNS through hematogenous dissemination. The mortality of patients with CNS infection caused by these fungi is high, particularly because of the complication to make a specific diagnosis in a timely manner. The initial treatment of these mycoses is amphotericin B; therefore, these infections require an opportune and precise diagnosis for the proper management of patients. In this chapter, a review of the epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical characteristics, diagnosis, as well as the treatment of histoplasmosis and coccidioidomycosis of the CNS is presented.

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Abbreviations

AIDS:

Acquired immune deficiency syndrome

CF:

Complement fixation

CNS:

Central nervous system

CSF:

Cerebrospinal fluid

ECM :

Extracellular matrix

EIA:

Enzyme immunoassay

ELISA:

Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay

EORTC/MSG:

European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer/Invasive Fungal Infections Cooperative Group and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases Mycoses Study Group

FDA :

Food and Drug Administration

GMS:

Gomori methenamine silver

HE:

Hematoxylin-eosin

HIV:

Human immunodeficiency virus

ID:

Double immunodiffusion

IFN :

Interferon

IL:

Interleukin

ITS:

Internal transcribed spacer

PAS:

Periodic acid-Schiff

PCR:

Polymerase chain reaction

PMN:

Polymorphonuclear

PRRs:

Recognition receptors

qPCR:

Real-time quantitative

RAPD:

Random amplified polymorphic DNA

ROS:

Reactive oxygen species

Sag:

Serum antigens

STAT3:

Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3

TLRs:

Toll-like receptors

TNF:

Tumor necrosis factor

UAg:

Urinary antigen

USA:

United States of America

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Microbiology and Parasitology Department, School of Medicine, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico

    María del Rocío Reyes-Montes, Maria Lucia Taylor & Esperanza Duarte-Escalante

  2. Research Unit, Hospital Regional de Alta Especialidad de Ixtapaluca, Ixtapaluca, Estado de México, Mexico

    María Guadalupe Frías-De-León

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  1. María del Rocío Reyes-Montes
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  2. Maria Lucia Taylor
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  3. Esperanza Duarte-Escalante
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  4. María Guadalupe Frías-De-León
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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Neurosurgery, Aydın Adnan Menderes University, School of Medicine, Aydın, Turkey

    Mehmet Turgut

  2. Department of Pathology, Basavatarakam Indo-American Hospital & Research Institute, Hyderabad, Telangana, India

    Sundaram Challa

  3. Department of Neurosurgery, Avicenne Military Hospital, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Marrakech, Morocco

    Ali Akhaddar

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Reyes-Montes, M.d.R., Taylor, M.L., Duarte-Escalante, E., Frías-De-León, M.G. (2019). Histoplasmosis and Coccidioidomycosis. In: Turgut, M., Challa, S., Akhaddar, A. (eds) Fungal Infections of the Central Nervous System. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-06088-6_11

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