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Algeria

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Integrated Space for African Society

Part of the book series: Southern Space Studies ((SOSPST))

Abstract

Algeria is one of Africa’s leading states in the space arena. Its space agency Agence Spatiale Algérienne (ASAL) was formed in 2002 to contribute to economic, social, and cultural development, the protection of the environment, the management of natural resources, and the safety and wellbeing of Algeria’s people. ASAL’s actions are guided by the Programme Spatial National (PSN), which runs until 2020. Thus far, six Algerian satellites have been placed in orbit, and a strong emphasis has been placed on using space applications to support sustainable development in line with ASAL’s mandate. Overall, Algeria has a robust space posture that, while predicated on cooperation, actively places space at the service of national development efforts, particularly in the gaining of critical skills and capabilities. As such, the country has shown a clear upward trend in its technical autonomy and capabilities, and Algeria is set to remain one of the African leaders in space.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), “The World Factbook: Algeria,” 2017, https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ag.html (accessed March 18, 2017).

  2. 2.

    Ibid.

  3. 3.

    Ibid.

  4. 4.

    United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), “Human Development Report 2016: Human Development for Everyone,” 2016, http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/2016_human_development_report.pdf (accessed March 16, 2017).

  5. 5.

    P. Redfield, “The Half-Life of Empire in Outer Space,” Social Studies of Science 32 (2002): 792.

  6. 6.

    Ibid., 795.

  7. 7.

    CountryWatch, “Algeria Country Review,” 2017, 9, http://web.a.ebscohost.com.ezproxy.uct.ac.za/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid=3&sid=6930943b-d691-406f-ac2c-65619cd27083%40sessionmgr4010&hid=4101 (accessed March 19, 2017).

  8. 8.

    Ibid., 10.

  9. 9.

    R. Zia-Ebrahimi, “Courting the Former Colony: Algeria’s Special Position in French Third World Policy, 1963,” The Journal of North African Studies 17, no. 1 (2012): 24.

  10. 10.

    Ibid., 33.

  11. 11.

    W. A. McDougall, “Space-Age Europe: Gaullism, Euro-Gaullism, and the American Dilemma,” Technology and Culture 26, no. 2 (1985): 180.

  12. 12.

    Ibid., 184.

  13. 13.

    Ibid.

  14. 14.

    J. J. Serra, “The CIEES (Inter-arms Special Weapons Test Center),” http://www.sat-net.com/serra/sahara_e.htm (accessed March 16, 2017).

  15. 15.

    Ibid.

  16. 16.

    A. Zak, “History of the Launch Site in Kourou, French Guiana,” 2008, http://www.russianspaceweb.com/kourou_origin.html (accessed March 13, 2017).

  17. 17.

    J. A. Van Wyk, “Overview of the Implementation Status of the Five United Nations Treaties on Outer Space in African Countries,” African Skies/Cieux Africains 12 (2008): 93.

  18. 18.

    United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs (UNOOSA), “Status of International Agreements relating to activities in outer space as at 1 January 2016,” 2016, http://www.unoosa.org/documents/pdf/spacelaw/treatystatus/AC105_C2_2016_CRP03E.pdf (accessed March 15, 2017).

  19. 19.

    United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs (UNOOSA), “Questions on suborbital flights for scientific missions and/or for human transportation,” 2013, http://www.unoosa.org/pdf/reports/ac105/AC105_1039Add02E.pdf (accessed March 14, 2017).

  20. 20.

    United Nations, United Nations Treaties and Principles on Outer Space (New York: United Nations Publication, 2008), 4, http://www.unoosa.org/pdf/publications/st_space_11rev2E.pdf (accessed March 16, 2017).

  21. 21.

    J. A. Dennerley, “Emerging Space Nations and the Development of International Regulatory Regimes,” Space Policy 35 (2016): 29.

  22. 22.

    United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs (UNOOSA), “Questions on the definition and delimitation of outer space: replies from Member States,” 2011, 2, http://www.unoosa.org/pdf/reports/ac105/AC105_889Add09E.pdf (accessed March 20, 2017).

  23. 23.

    N. Jasentuliyana, “Article 1 of the Outer Space Treaty Revisited,” Journal of Space Law 17, no. 2 (1989): 137.

  24. 24.

    Ibid.

  25. 25.

    International Astronautical Federation, “Speech delivered by Professor Tahar HADJAR, Minister of Higher Education and Scientific Research, ALGERIA,” 2016, http://www.iafastro.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/ISF2016_Statement_Algeria.pdf (accessed March 13, 2017).

  26. 26.

    Algeria Press Service, “Outer space: Algeria presents in New York report of 57th session of UNCOPUOS,” October 20, 2014, http://en.aps.dz/health-science-tech/4554-outer-space-algeria-presents-in-new-york-report-of-57th-session-of-copuos (accessed March 17, 2017).

  27. 27.

    Algeria Press Service, “Outer Space: Algeria presents in New York UNCOPUOS’ annual report,” October 20, 2015, http://en.aps.dz/health-science-tech/9012-outer-space-algeria-presents-in-new-york-copuos%E2%80%99-annual-report (accessed March 17, 2017).

  28. 28.

    UN-SPIDER, “Official inauguration: UN-SPIDER Algeria Regional Support Office,” 2013, http://www.un-spider.org/news-and-events/news/official-inauguration-un-spider-algeria-regional-support-office (accessed March 17, 2017).

  29. 29.

    Ibid.

  30. 30.

    D. Touchent, “Algerian Law Guide,” 2006, http://www.nyulawglobal.org/globalex/Algeria.html (accessed March 17, 2017).

  31. 31.

    Algeria Country Monitor, “Country Reports—Algeria,” HIS, 2016, 24, http://web.b.ebscohost.com.ezproxy.uct.ac.za/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid=4&sid=402d1e3b-608a-466a-b6fd-ef69185f4e3d%40sessionmgr101&hid=128 (accessed March 16, 2017).

  32. 32.

    CountryWatch, “Algeria Country Review,” 10.

  33. 33.

    Algeria Country Monitor, “Country Reports—Algeria,” 24.

  34. 34.

    Ibid., 26.

  35. 35.

    Journal Officiel de la Republic Algeriénne Democratique et Populaire, “Décret Présidentiel, N 87-81 du 1987,” Avril 15, 1987, 26 ème ANNEE (N 16), Alger: Imprimerie Officiel, 382, http://www.joradp.dz/FTP/Jo-Francais/1987/F1987016.pdf (accessed March 17, 2017) (French).

  36. 36.

    Ibid., 383.

  37. 37.

    Journal Officiel de la Republic Algeriénne Democratique et Populaire, “Décret Présidentiel, N 91-342 du 1991,” Octobre 9, 1991, N 47, Alger: Imprimerie Officiel, 1500, http://41.221.27.114/JO8499/1991/047/FP1500.pdf (accessed March 15, 2017) (French).

  38. 38.

    N. Peter, “The Changing Geopolitics of Space Activities,” Space Policy 37 (2016): 146.

  39. 39.

    Ibid.

  40. 40.

    Ibid.

  41. 41.

    Journal Officiel de la Republic Algeriénne Democratique et Populaire, “Décret Présidentiel, N 02-48 du 2002,” Janvier 20, 2002, 41è ANNEE (N 05), Alger: Imprimerie Officiel, 9, http://www.vitaminedz.org/articlesfiche/1235/1235754.pdf (accessed March 17, 2017) (French).

  42. 42.

    Ibid., 10.

  43. 43.

    Agence Spatial Algérienne, “Mission,” 2009, http://www.asal.dz/mission.php (accessed March 13, 2017) (French).

  44. 44.

    Journal Officiel de la Republic Algeriénne Democratique et Populaire, “Décret Présidentiel, N 02-48 du 2002,” 9.

  45. 45.

    Ibid., 11.

  46. 46.

    Journal Officiel de la Republic Algeriénne Democratique et Populaire, “Décret Exécutif, N 04-12 du 2004,” Janvier 25, 2004, N 06, Alger: Imprimerie Officiel, 4, http://extwprlegs1.fao.org/docs/pdf/alg72027.pdf (accessed March 13, 2017) (French).

  47. 47.

    Journal Officiel de la Republic Algeriénne Democratique et Populaire, “Décret Présidentiel, N 06-189 du 2006,” Mai 31, 2006, 45ème ANNEE (N 36), Alger: Imprimerie Officiel, 10, http://www.vitaminedz.org/articlesfiche/1244/1244317.pdf (accessed March 17, 2017) (French).

  48. 48.

    Journal Officiel de la Republic Algeriénne Democratique et Populaire, “Décret Exécutif, N 07-150 du 2007,” Mai 23, 2007, N 35, Alger: Imprimerie Officiel, 12, http://extwprlegs1.fao.org/docs/pdf/alg72019.pdf (accessed March 17, 2017) (French).

  49. 49.

    Journal Officiel de la Republic Algeriénne Democratique et Populaire, “Décret Exécutif, N 07-151 du 2007,” Mai 23, 2007, N 35, Alger: Imprimerie Officiel, 13, http://extwprlegs1.fao.org/docs/pdf/alg72028.pdf (accessed March 14, 2017) (French).

  50. 50.

    Journal Officiel de la Republic Algeriénne Democratique et Populaire, “Décret Exécutif, N 08-348 du 2008,” Novembre 16, 2008, 47ème ANNEE (N 63), Alger: Imprimerie Officiel, 13, http://www.vitaminedz.org/articlesfiche/1294/1294871.pdf (accessed March 17, 2017) (French).

  51. 51.

    United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs (UNOOSA), “Compendium of space debris mitigation standards adopted by States and international organizations,” 2014, http://www.unoosa.org/documents/pdf/spacelaw/sd/Algeria.pdf (accessed March 20, 2017).

  52. 52.

    United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs (UNOOSA), “National legislation and practice relating to the definition and delimitation of outer space,” 2013, http://www.unoosa.org/pdf/reports/ac105/AC105_865Add14E.pdf (accessed March 19, 2017).

  53. 53.

    Agence Spatial Algérienne, “Mission.”.

  54. 54.

    Agence Spatial Algérienne, “Programme spatial national (PSN),” 2015, http://www.asal.dz/psn.php (accessed March 17, 2017) (French).

  55. 55.

    N. Haned, “The Algerian Space Program,” 2015, 4, http://www.alc.narss.sci.eg/webroot/attachments/alc2015/Day%203/Session%201/Algerian%20space%20program.pdf (accessed March 17, 2017).

  56. 56.

    Ibid., 5.

  57. 57.

    Agence Spatial Algérienne, “Programme spatial national (PSN).”.

  58. 58.

    Haned, “The Algerian Space Program,” 5.

  59. 59.

    Agence Spatial Algérienne, “Programme spatial national (PSN).”.

  60. 60.

    Haned, “The Algerian Space Program,” 6.

  61. 61.

    SpaceWatch Middle East, “Algeria Unveils Its National Space Programme to 2040,” ThorGroup GmbH, December, 2017, https://spacewatchme.com/2017/12/algeria-unveils-national-space-programme-2040/ (accessed December 2, 2018).

  62. 62.

    Journal Officiel de la Republic Algeriénne Democratique et Populaire, “Décret Exécutif, N 07-151 du 2007,” 13.

  63. 63.

    Haned, “The Algerian Space Program,” 23.

  64. 64.

    Agence Spatial Algérienne, “Entités opérationnelles,” 2015, http://www.asal.dz/entites.php (accessed March 13, 2017) (French).

  65. 65.

    Ibid.

  66. 66.

    Geoconnexion, “Algerian President inaugurates satellite center,” March 13, 2012, http://www.geoconnexion.com/news/algerian-president-inaugurates-satellite-center (accessed March 14, 2017).

  67. 67.

    Agence Spatial Algérienne, “Entités opérationnelles.”.

  68. 68.

    Haned, “The Algerian Space Program,” 29.

  69. 69.

    Ibid., 31.

  70. 70.

    Agence Spatial Algérienne, “Ecole Doctorale des Technologies et Applications Spatiales (EDTAS),” 2015, http://www.asal.dz/Ecole%20doctorale.php (accessed March 16, 2017) (French).

  71. 71.

    World Meteorological Organisation, “Observing Systems Capability Analysis and Review Tool: AlSat-1,” 2017, https://www.wmo-sat.info/oscar/satellites/view/8 (accessed March 17, 2017).

  72. 72.

    United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs (UNOOSA), “Information Furnished in Conformity with General Assembly Resolution 1721 B (XVI) by States Launching Objects into Orbit or Beyond,” 2002, http://www.unoosa.org/oosa/en/osoindex/data/documents/dz/a/aac.105inf.408.html (accessed March 17, 2017).

  73. 73.

    D. Wood and A. Weigel, “Charting the Evolution of Satellite Programs in Developing Countries—The Space Technology Ladder,” Space Policy 28 (2012): 19.

  74. 74.

    Surrey Satellite Technology Ltd. (SSTL), “First satellite to take 32 m resolution multispectral images at 600 km swath width, AlSAT-1 (2002),” 2017, https://www.sstl.co.uk/30-Firsts/AlSAT-1-2002 (accessed March 12, 2017).

  75. 75.

    Surrey Satellite Technology Ltd. (SSTL), “Algeria’s First Satellite Mission Completed,” 2010, https://www.sstl.co.uk/Blog/August-2010/Algeria-s-first-satellite-mission-completed (accessed March 12, 2017).

  76. 76.

    Surrey Satellite Technology Ltd. (SSTL), “First internationally co-ordinated disaster monitoring constellation, the Disaster Monitoring Constellation (2002),” 2017, https://www.sstl.co.uk/30-Firsts/Disaster-Monitoring-Const-2002 (accessed March 12, 2017).

  77. 77.

    Surrey Satellite Technology Ltd. (SSTL), “Algeria’s First Satellite Mission Completed.”.

  78. 78.

    World Meteorological Organisation, “Observing Systems Capability Analysis and Review Tool: AlSat-1.”.

  79. 79.

    Surrey Satellite Technology Ltd. (SSTL), “First satellite to take 32 m resolution multispectral images at 600 km swath width, AlSAT-1 (2002).”.

  80. 80.

    United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs (UNOOSA), “Information furnished in conformity with the Convention on Registration of Objects Launched into Outer Space,” 2010, http://www.unoosa.org/documents/pdf/ser609E.pdf (accessed March 12, 2017).

  81. 81.

    Airbus Defence and Space, “Successful launch of ALSAT 2B completes Airbus Defence and Space’s ALSAT Programme,” 2016, https://airbusdefenceandspace.com/newsroom/news-and-features/successful-launch-of-alsat-2b-completes-airbus-defence-and-spaces-alsat-programme/ (accessed March 12, 2017).

  82. 82.

    Haned, “The Algerian Space Program,” 10.

  83. 83.

    World Meteorological Organisation, “Observing Systems Capability Analysis and Review Tool: AlSat-2,” 2017, https://www.wmo-sat.info/oscar/satellites/view/9World (accessed March 17, 2017).

  84. 84.

    Airbus Defence and Space, “Successful launch of ALSAT 2B completes Airbus Defence and Space’s ALSAT Programme.”.

  85. 85.

    Agence Spatial Algérienne, “Alsat-2A: deuxième satellite d’observation de la terre du Programme Spatial National–horizon 2020 (PSN),” 2015, http://www.asal.dz/Alsat.%202A.php (accessed March 17, 2017) (French).

  86. 86.

    Haned, “The Algerian Space Program,” 13.

  87. 87.

    Algeria Press Service, “ASAL: Three Algerian satellites successfully launched from India,” September 26, 2016, http://en.aps.dz/health-science-tech/14362-asal-three-algerian-satellites-successfully-launched-from-india (accessed March 15, 2017).

  88. 88.

    Revolvy, “National Space Program (Algeria),” 2017, https://www.revolvy.com/topic/National%20Space%20Program%20(Algeria)&uid=1575 (accessed March 20, 2017).

  89. 89.

    Algeria Press Service, “ASAL: Three Algerian satellites successfully launched from India.”.

  90. 90.

    United Kingdom Space Agency, “UK Space Agency’s second CubeSat mission is taking shape,” 2015, https://www.gov.uk/government/news/uk-space-agencys-second-cubesat-mission-is-taking-shape (accessed March 21, 2017).

  91. 91.

    Algeria Press Service, “ASAL: Three Algerian satellites successfully launched from India.”.

  92. 92.

    World Meteorological Organisation, “Observing Systems Capability Analysis and Review Tool: AlSat-1B,” 2017, https://www.wmo-sat.info/oscar/satellites/view/708 (accessed March 17, 2017).

  93. 93.

    International Astronautical Federation, “Speech delivered by Professor Tahar HADJAR, Minister of Higher Education and Scientific Research, ALGERIA.”.

  94. 94.

    World Meteorological Organisation, “Observing Systems Capability Analysis and Review Tool: AlSat-1B.”.

  95. 95.

    Airbus Defence and Space, “Successful launch of ALSAT 2B completes Airbus Defence and Space’s ALSAT Programme.”.

  96. 96.

    Ibid. Emphasis added.

  97. 97.

    Ibid.

  98. 98.

    Algeria Press Service, “Algerian satellites manufacturers honoured in Oran,” November 10, 2016, http://en.aps.dz/health-science-tech/15111-algerian-satellites-manufacturers-honoured-in-oran (accessed March 17, 2017).

  99. 99.

    Algeria Press Service, “Alsat-2B, Alsat-1B: Reception of first images went smoothly,” October 24, 2016, http://en.aps.dz/health-science-tech/14835-alsat-2b,-alsat-1b-reception-of-first-images-went-smoothly (accessed March 17, 2017).

  100. 100.

    Aerospace Technology, “Alcomsat-1 Communications Satellite,” Verdict Media Limited, 2018, https://www.aerospace-technology.com/projects/alcomsat-1-communications-satellite/ (accessed December 2, 2018).

  101. 101.

    Ibid.

  102. 102.

    Ibid.

  103. 103.

    Ibid.

  104. 104.

    Algeria Press Service, “Satellite Alcomsat1, devoted to telecommunications, to be launched before June 2017,” September 28, 2016, http://en.aps.dz/health-science-tech/14420-satellite-alcomsat1,-devoted-to-telecommunications,-to-be-launched-before-june-2017 (accessed March 17, 2017).

  105. 105.

    Space in Africa, “How successful is Algerian Communication Satellite “Alcomsat-1”?,” January 8, 2019, https://africanews.space/how-successful-is-algerian-communication-satellite-alcomsat-1/ (accessed January 30, 2019).

  106. 106.

    Ibid.

  107. 107.

    Haned, “The Algerian Space Program,” 20.

  108. 108.

    Peter, “The Changing Geopolitics of Space Activities,” 146.

  109. 109.

    Agence Spatial Algérienne, “Alsat-2A: deuxième satellite d’observation de la terre du Programme Spatial National–horizon 2020 (PSN).”.

  110. 110.

    United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs (UNOOSA), “Regional Centres for Space Science and Technology Education (affiliated to the United Nations),” 2017, http://www.unoosa.org/oosa/en/ourwork/psa/regional-centres/index.html (accessed March 17, 2017).

  111. 111.

    Agence Spatial Algérienne, “La coopération multilatérale,” 2015, http://www.asal.dz/cooperationm.php (accessed March 17, 2017) (French).

  112. 112.

    Haned, “The Algerian Space Program,” 33.

  113. 113.

    Algeria Press Service, “ASAL, UNITAR sign cooperation agreement in space field,” February 23, 2014, http://en.aps.dz/health-science-tech/1257-asal,-unitar-sign-cooperation-agreement-in-space-field (accessed March 17, 2017).

  114. 114.

    Haned, “The Algerian Space Program,” 34.

  115. 115.

    AllAfrica, “Algeria: China Helps Algeria Put First Satellite in Orbit,” April 16, 2018, https://allafrica.com/stories/201804170264.html (accessed February 3, 2019).

  116. 116.

    Surrey Satellite Technology Ltd. (SSTL), “First satellite to take 32 m resolution multispectral images at 600 km swath width, AlSAT-1 (2002).”.

  117. 117.

    Algeria Press Service, “Algeria, UK sign MoU in space-related activities,” March 17, 2014, http://en.aps.dz/health-science-tech/1607-algeria,-uk-sign-mou-in-space-related-activities (accessed March 17, 2017).

  118. 118.

    J. Remiller, “Rapport fait au nom de la commission des affaires étrangères sur le rapport de loi (no 249). Assemblée nationale,” 2008, http://www.assemblee-nationale.fr/13/rapports/r0604.asp (accessed March 16, 2017) (French).

  119. 119.

    Airbus Defence and Space, “Successful launch of ALSAT 2B completes Airbus Defence and Space’s ALSAT Programme.”.

  120. 120.

    Remiller, “Rapport fait au nom de la commission des affaires étrangères sur le rapport de loi (no 249). Assemblée nationale.”.

  121. 121.

    Revolvy, “National Space Program (Algeria).”.

  122. 122.

    Space in Africa, “Algeria/Japan collaboration on satellite development produces Nanosatellite,” November 22, 2018, https://africanews.space/algeria-japan-collaboration-on-satellite-development-produces-nanosatellite/ (accessed January 30, 2019).

  123. 123.

    Ibid.

  124. 124.

    Ibid.

  125. 125.

    CRTEAN, “The Center: Presentation,” 2014, http://www.crtean.org.tn/en/index.php/the-center/presentation (accessed March 17, 2017).

  126. 126.

    R. Abidi, “Satellite Remote Sensing in Aid of Development: The Tunis Declaration,” Space Policy 19 (2003): 143-145.

  127. 127.

    Haned, “The Algerian Space Program,” 18.

  128. 128.

    L. Ngcofe and K. Gottschalk, “The Growth of Space Science in African Countries for Earth Observation in the 21st Century,” South African Journal of Science 109, no. 1/2 (2013): 3.

  129. 129.

    ARMS-C Framework Agreement, “Agreement between the Government of the People’s Republic of Algeria and the Government of the Republic of Kenya and the Government of the Federal Republic of Nigeria and the Government of the Republic of South Africa,” n.d., ftp://ftp.earthobservations.org/AfriGEOSS/Data_Infrastructure_Coordination_Team/References/ARMC%20Agreement%20Docs.pdf (accessed March 21, 2017).

  130. 130.

    Ngcofe and Gottschalk, “The Growth of Space Science in African Countries for Earth Observation in the 21st Century,” 3.

  131. 131.

    Agence Spatial Algérienne, “Alsat-2A: deuxième satellite d’observation de la terre du Programme Spatial National–horizon 2020 (PSN).”.

  132. 132.

    Space in Africa, “Egypt, Algeria, Morocco, Sudan join Arab Space Cooperation Group,” March 20, 2019, https://africanews.space/egypt-algeria-morocco-sudan-join-arab-space-cooperation-group/ (accessed 25 Apr 2019).

  133. 133.

    Dennerley, “Emerging Space Nations and the Development of International Regulatory Regimes,” 29–31.

  134. 134.

    Algeria Press Service, “Hadjar recalls Algeria's willingness to ‘put space tool at service of sustainable development’,” October 25, 2016, http://en.aps.dz/health-science-tech/14851-hadjar-recalls-algeria-s-willingness-to-put-space-tool-at-service-of-sustainable-development (accessed March 17, 2017).

  135. 135.

    Agence Spatial Algérienne, “Mission.”.

  136. 136.

    Space in Africa, “Algeria to begin work on its 2nd communications satellite,” December 7, 2018, https://africanews.space/algeria-to-begin-work-on-its-2nd-communications-satellite/ (accessed January 30, 2019).

  137. 137.

    D. Wood and A Weigel, “Charting the Evolution of Satellite Programs in Developing Countries – The Space Technology Ladder,” Space Policy 28, (2012): 19.

  138. 138.

    Wood and Weigel, “Charting the Evolution of Satellite Programs in Developing Countries – The Space Technology Ladder,” 17.

  139. 139.

    Ibid.

  140. 140.

    Algeria Country Monitor, “Country Reports—Algeria,” 28.

  141. 141.

    Ibid., 27.

  142. 142.

    V. Platov, “Algeria rushes into space,” New Eastern Outlook, January 6, 2014,http://journal-neo.org/2014/01/06/rus-alzhir-ustremlyaetsya-v-kosmos/ (accessed March 17, 2017).

  143. 143.

    V. Munsami and A. Nicolaides, “Investigation of a Governance Framework for an African Space Programme,” Space Policy (2017): 2.

  144. 144.

    Dennerley, “Emerging Space Nations and the Development of International Regulatory Regimes.”.

  145. 145.

    A. A. Abiodun, “Trends in the Global Space Arena – Impact on Africa and Africa’s Response,” Space Policy 28 (2012): 286.

  146. 146.

    Ibid., 289.

  147. 147.

    Ibid.

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    André Siebrits

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Siebrits, A. (2019). Algeria. In: Froehlich, A. (eds) Integrated Space for African Society. Southern Space Studies. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-05980-4_6

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